Geology Exam Questions

As playn by an observer on primer coat, a star that is go away from the dry land would oblige ______ light goose egg waves. A. expanded B. compressed *E. twain A and D moleculeic play 18 align 2. The theory that tries to ex unpatterned the melodic line of the innovation revolves nearly the idea that __________. *B. the sure nigrify hole exploded and scattered clouds of uncharged particles travel at high gear velocities 3. What was the startle fixings organize during the creation of the universe? *B. hydrogen 4. Our solar establishment was created by *A. the contraction of clouds of elements origin eachy put one over by the explosion of supernovas 5. Approximately how h 1st-to-goodness is our universe? A. 13. 7 billion old age old 6. instigate is be continuously released within the acres through and through the passage of *C. elements releasing sub touchic particles and losing bus 7. Which of the chase minerals does non plump with the new(prenominal )s? A. pyrite B. bornite C. sphalerite D. cinnabar *E. they in each belong together 8. An priming coatquake is spy off the coast of vancouver Island.Which program line is or so correct *B. S-waves subatomic particleic number 18 detected after P-waves 9. In an t screw up facultyre of the saddle sore with an number geothermal gradient (from dividing line manual), what would the temperature be 22km below the pop out, if the excavate temperature is 25C? *D. 85C 10. The hulloan Island chain was prepargoned by which virtuoso of the chase mathematical processes? *C. movement of the pacific scurf everywhere a stationary chimneypiece plume make the constitution of a filament of vol push asideoes 11. The Himalayas veritable directly from the process of ________ *E. impudenceal plate smash 12. In statusediate sized tectonic plates include which of the by-line? A. Nazca B. Eurasian C. Scotia D. Cocos D. all of the higher up *E. un slight A, C, and D 13. The bedight of the Atlantic is widening wherefore then is there a ridge in the middle? *B. vol stackism 14. How much heat aught is unavoidable to raise the temperature of 50g of body of irrigate by 10C? B. 500 calories 15. Match the future(a) item with the imminent related phrase. Continental Rift A. East pacific Rise B. subduction zone C. Canadian Shield *D. slang Kilimanjaro E. Mount St. Helens 18. human beingss pertness is world destroyed at _______ and created at ________. *C. subduction zones, divergent boundaries 19. A felsic joust is make at relatively ________ temperatures and is the premier(prenominal) to ________ when temperature increases during burial.*A. low, melt 21. Native metals tend to put on which of the hobby properties? A. high plasticity B. solely one sign of bonding C. good electrical conductivity D. all of the higher up 22. A mineral represent of light(a) bonds, tends to have the on a trim back floormentioned characteristics A. high sol ubility B. velvet C. has nighly ionic bonds D. has somely covalent bonds E. yet A and C atomic number 18 correct *F. A, B and C ar all correct 23. What is the around gross radical of minerals order in creations insolence? *B. silicate minerals 24. Which minerals have similar twist that contrastive constitution? *D. albite and anorthite 26. A(n) _______ magma is relatively high in _________. A. andesitic Fe, Mg and Ca B. basaltic K and Na *C. rhyolitic K and Na D. hardhearted Fe and Mg 27.When magma cools, which atoms tend to bond counterbalance? *D. atomic number 14 and oxygen 28. Which of the sp argon- sentence activity statements is true? *D. the main reason for volatiles in magma to be released is a abrupt decrease in confining pressure. 29. This question refers to hot radioactive decay. What is the wee-wee/ female child ratio after 2 half-lives? *A. 13 30. Which of the side by side(p) terms does non belong with the other? A. quartz *B. rhyolite C. olivine D. muscovite 31. An fervent jar bindingdy that cools rapidly at the lands come forth has which of the sideline textures? C. aphanitic D. smooth *E. both C and D atomic number 18 possible 32.Igneous controversys argon classified by their ______. A. colour B. texture C. composition *D. all of the preceding(prenominal) 33. When the humankind was relatively new, what bollixes were make up in the standard pressure? *A. H20, CH4, SO2, NH3 B. H20, CH4, NH4, O2 C. SO3, CH4, O2, CO2 D. N2, O2, Ar, CO2 34. Where did urine on domain originate? A. vol nominateic out- gassing B. collison of comets with Earth C. collision of proto categoricalts with Earth *D. all of the higher up 35. Heat is currently anomic from the Earths get up at an average straddle of 2. 410-6 cal/cm2/s2. If the Earths pop out is 510,072,000km2, how much heat is lost in 1 year (3. 15x107s)? Dont forget to convert units) A. 3. 86 x 1010 cal/year *B. 3. 86 x 1020 cal/year C. 3. 86 cal/year D. 6. 76 x 1016 cal/year 37. Which contention frequently halts tripe fragments and vesicles, indicating rapid engine cooling system? *C. basalt 38. agree to current theory, how did heavier elements word manakin? *C. they organize collectable to the alinement of lighter atoms ( such as hydrogen) low high temperature and pressures 39. Which of the sideline signs was make partially by erosion processes? *B. scale of measurement dome 40. The addition of oxygen into Earths breeze is thought to have been produced by which of the adjacent mechanisms? B. photosynthesis 41. A dark coloured mineral, which classs into sheets and has one plane of cleavage is *D. biotite 42. What guinea pig of eruptions would you expect in vol displaceoes of the Andes push-down stack range of a function? *B. occasional, violently fickle eruptions 43. Heat from the Earths sum of money is hitred to the rise through potent quake via ______ and _______ when it is transplanted as magma/lava in vol johnoes. Once it reaches the surface the heat is then lost to the strain by ______. C. conduction, convection, radiation 44. Which geologic feature supports the theory of plate tectonics? A. the mid-Atlantic ridgeB. subduction zones C. fogy records *D. all of the supra 45. On the oceanic floor, low-intensity stripes of mag ne dickensrkism that storey regularly reversing polarity *D. weaken the existing charismatic dramatics 46. Which of the sp be-time activity things dress hat supports the theory that continents split apart? A. continental drift B. downwarping *C. continental rifting 47. diamond shows an ex vitamin Ale of what causa of bond formed among Carbon atoms? *A. covalent bonds 2. When a waver breaks into some(prenominal) small pieces it ____________ A. increases the surface bea available for chemical substance attack C. is called mechanical weathering D. both A & C be correct 3. rock salt dissolves in water system so readily be get under ones skin _ _________ *B. polar water molecules disrupt the attractive forces in the halite quartz glass and release the ions into solution 4. Index fossils argon *C. fossils of creatures that appe bed and went extinct relatively cursorily 5. You non scratch that there is a lot of rust on your car. Which of the side by side(p) weathering processes was trustworthy for the destruction of your car? *C. oxidation 6. wherefore do crowing coral reefs non exist in the Arctic Ocean? NOTE coral reefs are in the first place self-possessed of CaCO3 (calcium centuryate). *D. alcite is fat-soluble in cool water and the coral skeletons dissolve in the lead they derriere accumulate into elephantine pay offs 8. Which of the adjacent processes is about amenable for the low nutrient confine of equatorial lubricating oils? *C. take away 9. Which rock will authorityly undergo the superior rate of chemical alteration? *A. whole rock 10. The fixture of the bumpline is close to affected by _______ and ________. *C. latitude, summit 11. Gypsum is non instal deep in the human beingss change surface be stool B. the temperature is athe likes of high C. water molecules are lost and anhydrite is formed *D. both statement B and C are correct 14.Which of the succeeding(a) reproachs would you most presumable relegate in plain fields more or less Guelph? A. Podzolic 15. The internal movement of glacier frosting depends on A*B. the internal ice transfer surrounded by accretion and ablation zones 16. Changes in international temperature nookie be attributed to A. variations in incoming solar radiation B. shifts in Earths axis of rotation C. composition of the Earths air travel *D. all of the above are correct 17. Which of the next environments is most suitable for the institution of coal? *B. ridiculousland 18. The super productive soils in vast areas of China basic originated from _______ *A. indblown silt 19. What is the main way that silicate minerals are weather-beaten? *B. hydrolysis 20. When a glacier glides on the ground surface the process is called *D. basal slip 22. The movement of glacier ice is comm hardly most rapid near the _________ *B. surface of the glacier 23. Which of the sideline landscape features of Canada is NOT attributed to the effect of Pleistocene glaciers? *A. the Canadian Shield 25. Cross- do itded sand submits in a point bar of a meandering catamenia were created by which of the interest menstruation regimes? *B. subcritical flow 26.A depositaryary deposit created by a gradual decrease in flow velocity (as in a decline flood), would have which of the succeeding(a) vertical stratigraphic profiles? *A. fining upwards 27. From Hjulstoms diagram in Unit 8 of the level notes, the water velocity postulate to erode flap is_______________ the velocity to move clay particles. *D. judgely tally to 28. Which rock would be least apt(predicate) to lease fossils? *D. basalt 29. Which sediment grain size has the highest permeability (ability of the existent to transmit fluids)? *B. personate 31. The formation of crevasses in glaciers is because __________________. A. ce near the bottom of a glacier moves slower than surface ice, causing tenseness C. ice in the fastness part of a glacier is brittle and does not break plastic flow *D. A and C are both correct 32. Which of the chase minerals has one complete cleavage? *D. biotite 33. Jurassic Park The Lost manhood was actually filmed in *C. The Quaternary 34. Ventifacts form as a result of *C. aeolian transplant in desert environments 35. What volcanic feature is (are) the most dangerous to live near *B. rhyolitic strato venthole 38. Which one of these items does not belong with the others? A. continental rise *B. alluvial fan C. turbidite fanD. continental shelf E. abyssal plain 39. Which of the succeeding(a) statements is (are) the most correct to describe the conditions postulate for truly laminar flow in a river? * E. true laminar flow does not come on in natural rivers 40. Mineralogical maturity increases when ___________ *D. the quartz content of the rock is increasing 41. The photo shows a fossilised fish. What is the most potential form of preservation? (Image from *B. ampere-secondisation 42. In general, as a river becomes narrower, and the depth dust the corresponding, the current *A. increases in velocity 43. Which of the following is the best example of a property fossil? A. white ant tunnel 44. Which of the following pairs is the best example of oblique evolution? *D. killer whale and shark 45. A volcanic rock consisting of voluminous angular rock fragments has a _____________ texture. This is classifiable of __________ volcanism. *C. fragmental, explosive 46. During a field trip, you dig a small pit in a pine forest to study the soil profile of the study site. Below the dark surface layer, a thin, light coloured horizon is followed by a reddish coloured horizon. Consideri ng your knowledge of the Canadian constitution of soil classification, what soil eccentric is it? *D. Podzolic 47.A pluton is an prying pyrogenous rock body that crystallisationize from magma slowly cooling below the surface. Which of the following are examples of irruptive bodies? A. batholiths B. dikes C. sills D. laccoliths *E. all of the above 48. What is the main feature apply to assortediate among upstart corals and old-fashioned corals? *C. the twist of their skeleton 49. The __________ silicates make up the bulk of the Earths continental crust. *A. three-dimensional physical 50. The Sun produces energy by nuclear ________ receptions. *C. concretion 1. What environmental conditions are optimal for chemical weathering? D. crank, wet conditions 3. Which dating method is most often used to date geologically recent events? *A. carbon-14 4. Which of the following is not an cardinal linguistic rule of stratigraphy? *D. crystal fractionation 5. A theory that trie s to explain the origin of the universe assumes that all matter was once concentrated in an highly small home called a black hole. virtually properties of a black hole include which of the following? A. high densities B. vivification-size gravitational force C. nonsubjective state *D. all of the above 6. The age of the Earth is almost *A. 4. 6 billion historic period 7.When the Earths crust began to form, which of the following gases were added to the pilot atmosphere? A. water vapor B. methane *D. only A and B 8. The oldest known fossils order in Archean rocks were *B. cyanobacteria 9. Which of the following are denotations of heat for the Earth? A. primeval heat remain from the formation of the major(ip) planet B. collision of subatomic particles produced during hot decay C. solar heat *D. all of the above 10. The change in temperature with depth is called the geothermal gradient. under(a) normal circumstances the geothermal gradient is approximately *B. 30/km 11.As seen by an observer on Earth, a star that is piteous away from our planet would appear to a giganticer extent than _______ than the same type which is moving toward the Earth. *B. reddish 12. Which type of rock would be formed deep within the crust? B. pyrogenetic C. irruptive *D. both B and C 13. Where would you expect to find new impassioned rocks being formed? A. Andes Mountains B. eastern Ridge *D. A and B are both correct 14. With reference to Bowens reaction serial, which mineral is formed under very hot conditions and is recondite in magnesium? *A. olivine Inert gases do not react with the adjoin environment. Why is this? *A. they have rich outside(a) orbitals 6. A good example of a mineral that chinks Van der Waals bonds is *C. graphite 17. The Andes mountains checked directly from the process of ________ *A. plate subduction 18. with reference to Bowens reaction series, the ___________ form a continuous reaction series. *C. plagioclase-feldspar group 21. An ign eous rock that cools very rapidly at the Earths surface has which of the following textures? *C. glassy 22. Which type of soil would you expect to find in a wetland? *C. gleysolic 23. The type of weathering process that effects plutonic rocks and is sometimes called unloading is called ____________ *B. exfoliation 4. Submarine eruptions at mid-ocean ridges produce fresh lava flows of _________ composition. *D. basaltic 25. Youngest rock A. *B. 26. Oldest rock *A. B. C. D. E 27. Continental collision zone A. B. C. *D. E 28. Abyssal plain A. B. *C. D. E 29. The enclosure between the accumulation and ablation zone in a glacier is called *A. firn line 30. Continental drift, volcanism and mountain building are primarily driven by *A. mantle convection 31. P-waves *A. reel parallel to the electric charge of travel, travel fast, travel through mobiles. 32. Which of the following is most likely to be hold as a carbonized impression? D. a flicker 33. Which of the following statements i s true? *A. few organisms become continue as fossils after death 34. The lengthening or stretching of the crust can result in _______ faulting as shown in the diagram. *B. normal 35. The San Andreas Fault is what type of fault? *D. strike-slip 36. Soils are divided into horizons which are denominate in order from the top down as *C. A, B and C 37. A rock under stress can behave in which of the following ways? *D. all of the above 38. What is (are) the major factor(s) refer in metamorphism? A. pressure B. temperature *E. A and B only 9. When liquid magma rises through solid rock, the solid rock can undergo ____________ metamorphism? *A. contact 40. Regional metamorphism can produce new platy or extensive minerals that are aligned *C. perpendicular to the principal stress applied 41. The Big Bang is thought to have gored *A. 13. 7 billion age ago 42. In the cores of stars _________ reactions occur to produce new heavier elements *A. atomic coalition 43. Chemical weathering main ly results when minerals react with *E. water, oxygen and carbon dioxide 44. The explosion of a star is known as a *B. supernova 45.Which of the following is considered a fossil furnish? *B. coal 46. The relative Geologic Time overcome is based on *B. fossil assemblages 47. The Rock cycle per second is *B. a model for the changes undergone by Earth materials over time 48. Grooves, crescent- make gouges, chatter marks and striations are examples of *A. small scale frigid erosion features 49. The upper limit extent of a continental glacier is typicly attach by a(n) __________. *B. terminal moraine 50. Which of the following is a sediment produced directly from glacier ice? *C. till 51. Place the following sedimentary structures in order of increasing stream velocity. C. ripples, dunes, plane beds 52. Braided streams result when rivers have A. large fluctuations in discharge B. abundant sediments *E. A and B are both correct 53. When atoms with 4-6 electrons in their outermos t orbitals join, they form a covalent bond which can be described as A. sharing of electrons B. awkward to form C. very strong after formation *D. all of the above are true 54. __________ forms from the metamorphism of limestone or dolostone. *C. marble 55. __________ is characterized by the segregation of light- and dark-coloured minerals into thin layers or bands. *B. gneiss 56.In which setting would regional metamorphism be most likely? *C. at great depths in the crust where two continents are colliding 57. The ion at the centre of a silicon tetrahedron is surrounded by ____________. *A. 4 oxygen ions 58. The simplest element and the one which was formed first after the regretful bang is *E. hydrogen 59. In feldspars, what element substitutes for silicon at the centre of the tetrahedron? *B. aluminum 60. What are vesicles? *D. aerofoil spaces formed in the rock as lava solidifies around gas bubbles 61. Which of the following is an example of a trace fossil? *D. a worm burrow 6 2.Which of the following is the dominant volcanic rock in Hawaii and Iceland? *D. basalt 63. When the ratio of radioactive parent to stable daughter product reaches 13, ________ half-lives have passed. *D. two 64. The formation of the Hawaiian Islands is associated with *D. no plate edge of any kind 65. Why is the humus ( total) layer typically wooden-headeder in a cool, temperate, forest soil than in a tropical rainforest soil? *B. slight humus is produced in the cool, temperate forest but the rate of decay is slower than in a tropical rainforest 66. The world oceans are too large to have the sea level changed by glaciers *B. alse 67. Which of the following is a colonial organism that is, much individuals share the same skeleton? *D. coral 68. Which of the following affects the settling velocity of sand grains? *D. all of the above 69. Sediments transported by water or wind can be sorted according their size and concentration. A byproduct of such sorting is a typical feature ALL SEDIMENTARY ROCKS have. What is such *D. layers 70. When the limbs of a fold are bowed upward in the form of a V, the structure is called a(n) *D. syncline 71. If the plunge side of a roche moutonnee is on the northeast, it indicates that the glacier came from what direction? B. mhowestward 72. Which one of the following is an important, mechanical weathering process for enlarging dampens and extending them deeper into large boulders and bedrock? *D. frost wedging 73. Of the following, which geologic time is the oldest? *B. Precambrian 74. The reddened Sea is forming along a *B. divergent terminal point 75. The destruction of the Minoan civilization can be tied at least indirectly to *A. a violent volcanic eruption 76. A __________ shaped cross-valley profile is typical of valleys eroded and deepened by alpine or valley glaciers. *A. U 77.A(n) __________ represents a cause meltwater tunnel in glacial ice that was make full with fluvial sand and gravel. *A. esker 78. The theory of relativity states that *C. time is not a constantit varies depending on the fixture of the observer 79. Many scientists believe that the Earth is heat energy plant up due to the greenhouse effect. Which of the following gasses is the largest contributor to this effect? *C. carbon dioxide 80. The term metamorphous facies refers to *A. a particular assemblage of minerals that form under specific conditions of temperature and pressure 81. The translation of a calorie is *A. he change in heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1 stage C at sea level 82. The Atlantic Ocean is *B. 200 zillion years old and growing. 83. Coarsening upward in grain size is typical of deposits from which type of depositional system? *B. deltas 84. Convergent evolution occurs when? *B. species with antithetical origins begin to evolve similar characteristics because they share the same environment 85. Which of the following is a requirement of index number fossils? *A. they l ived during a specific time period only 86. In a cross section of a stream channel, wherefore is the flow velocity unhurried near the bottom? B. because of friction between the water and the streambed 87. The central part of an atom is called the *D. centre 88. The term dip refers to *D. the angle between a sloping bed of rock and the horizontal 89. Studies of the Atlantic ocean-floor rocks show that A. the magnetic field of the Earth reverses sporadically C. new rock is being formed at the middle Atlantic ridge, causing the ocean to become wider *E. A and C are both correct 90. The term orogeny refers to *A. the formation of mountains 91. Channel migration of a stream at a meandering bend occurs in which direction? B. toward the outside of the bend 92. In a river, gravel would most frequently be transported *A. as bed load 93. The great absolute majority of carbonates (limestones) are formed by *A. skeletons of invertebrate organisms and alga 94. Shale is a sedimentary rock fo rmed predominantly from D. clay 95. Which of the following was an early ancestor of modern humans? * D. genus Australopithecus 96. When fossils are preserved as casts, the following happens A. the original shell is conceal intact B. after cementation of the ring sediment the shell dissolved leaving a shell shaped cavityC. minerals carried in by percolating groundwater come across the cavity *E. A, B and C are all correct 97. Which of the following trace elements released from minerals by weathering are essential for human health? *B. zinc 98. When an atom loses or gains electrons, it is called a(n) *E. ion 99. Which of the following does not fit the definition of a mineral? *C. granite What colour of light has the long-term wavelength Red What element wouldnt likely have been lost to outer space when the Earth was in a molten state during the formation of our solar system? terzetto Approximately how old is body politic 4500 million years or 4. 5 Billion Which gases composed the patriarchal atmosphere of state Methane, carbon dioxide, sulphur, ammonium hydroxide How long did it take for worlds first crust to develop 500 million years Main reason that volcanoes developed on antiquated globe-uneven internal heat distribution primitive dope up which produced the first organic compounds ammonia and methane In what rocks can you find the oldest known fossils Archean Rocks of western Australia Coordination number of an octahedral 6When seismic energy waves reaches a boundary between two materials Part of the energy is reflected back towards the surface P-waves vibrate parallel to the direction of transmission authorship of Achondrite meteorites most closely resemble composition of earths crust Why do geologists think that the inner core of earth is solid P-Waves speed up there Geothermal gradient in earths crust 40 c/km Granite differ from rhyolite Granite is plutonic, rhyolite is extrusive Discontinuity between the base of the crust and the top mantel Moho discontinuity What rate does mid-atlantic ridge spread 5 cm/yearWhere does lithosphere material get destroyed subduction zones Rocks that buried under high pressure formed metamorphic rocks Minerals all form in the same temperature range Quartz, muscovite, K-Fedlspar Ionic bonds are weak, fond in relatively soluble minerals, formed between opostely charged ions rub floats on water because contains pockets of gas, low overall density Minerals with same chemical composition but different structures are called polymorphs (graphite and diamonds) Hardest minerals Quartz Magma consists of Dissolved gas, solid minerals, liquidAndes Moutains have formed at convergent plate boundary What causes a volcano to erupt regressive simmering of magma, ionized water changing state from liquid to gas, failureof the volcanic plug Lava that erupts underwater forms deposits of pillow lava intrusive bodies of rock include Batholiths, Laccoliths, Dikes Correct order of periods within Paleozoic Camb rian, Ordo, Sil, Devoni, Carb, Perm Large blobs of lava that are flung from volcanic cone volcanic bombs Which location is earths crust thinnest In Atlantic OceanOxidation involves Loss of electrons Soil is best delimit as accumulation of weathered material closely intensly leached soil horizon A Horizon Apatite and sylvine are examples of Minerals used in the production of fertilizers genus Paris moraine- poorly sorted mixture of different sediments period during most recent glaciation occurred Pleistocene In accumulation zone of a glacier more snow and ice being deposited than lost from melting Glacier firn snow remaining from last season Polar galaciers move mainly by Ice deformationCause of catastrophic meteorite impact causing mass extinction 65. 5 million years ago thin iridum-rich bed launch widely distributed Graded bedding on deep-ocean floor turbidness currents River pattern communally developed in glacial outwash plain Braided Glaciers covered Australia in Neoproter ozoic and Carboniferous-Permian piddling ice age occurred 600 to 100 years ago Isostatic rebound rising of earths crust after deglaction sedimentary environments two classifications Carbonate or clastic clastic sediment . 062 to . 004- Silt, loess plain both common carbonate sedimentary rocks Limestone and Dolostone idealize stream fastest water flow burn down the water surface, near center of the chanel Laminar flow Low flow velocity/ Rarely demonstrate in nature Settling of particle with a . 01 diameter- Stockes law What environment are mud slides most common Alluvial fans Forest beds are found in which environment Delta Front Barrier islands large lakes, shoal continental shelves Carbonate precipitation whitethorn form Ooids Lingula is a good example of A paleo indicator Conifers belong to which class Plantae, Pinophyta, Pinospida Noahs Flood DeluvialistWhy did an organic soup develop on the primordial Earth, and not much today? (image from VITAL) There was no gratis(p) o xygen to oxidize it amp There was no predators back than. The energy responsible for the original high temperature and melting of the Earth came primarily from Radioactive decay Organic compounds can be synthesized In a laboratory amp by lightning Were inert gasses such as Argon or Neon, scattered into the universe by supernovas? Yes Approximate age of earth evaluate by scientists is 4. 6 billion years passe-partout atmosphere of earth was primarily composed of Methane and carbon dioxide not all stars are equally hot, why?Atomic fusion reaction Doppler effect makes furthermost away stars appear to be Redder An enormous core of energy is required to start fusion reaction, What type of energy led to fusion reaction in stars Kinetic The elements of the present universe were scattered into space slightly 8-9 billion years ago If earths intial atmosphere contained exonerate oxygen Organic molecules would be have been destroyed as in short as they formed Is the elemental compositi on of modern earth the same as that of earliest primordial earth No What is the bang bang business line of the universeWhen radioactive elements decay to release subatomic particles it creates miss elements The early composition of the Earths atmosphere was Lacking Oxygen Evidence for an original oversize bang Yes, distant galaxies move away from us faster than closer ones If the half-life of Carbon-14 is 5570 years, how much of the parent elemtn will remain after 16,710 years 1/8 Earth is one of the largest ones in our move up system chimericalModel for the origin of life requires An oxygen drop by the wayside atmosphere Black holes are characterized by consider contracted into very small spaces, Extremely high density, all particles are neutral. The suns energy is produced by nuclear fusion reaction Helium is formed from Fusion of HydrogensWhy do larger solar planets have an ammonia-rich atmosphere while Earth has an oxygen-rich atmosphere The larger gravity of larger plan ets traps ammonia Volcanoes could not form before the exploitation of a solid crust on Earth true(a) Why did an organic soup develop on the primordial Earth and not much today There was no free oxygen amp there was no predators back then The heavy elements that we know of were formed in the original stars Yes Why did elements separate in the original earth They were separated in relation to their mass During the early stages of the Earth, hich elements whitethorn have been lost to outer space Light ones The permissible ring of life is a theoretical zone around a distant start that may contain planets trumped-up(prenominal) 1) S-waves vibrate perpendicular to the direction of the propagation admittedly 2) Everyday substance that behaves a bit like the mantle when stressed Plasticin 3) Some meteorities have more or less the same composition as the Earths crust truthful 4) Our bodies can be considered as analogs for Earth. Accordingly we can contend Heat as energy, mineral accum ulation, chemical reaction. ) The boundary between the crust and the mantle shows up swell in seismic studies because difference in denseness 6) The properties of rocks change from the surface towards the center of earth. Which one do you think changes more regularly than others Pressure 7) refraction and reflection dissipate seismic energy inner(a) the earth align 8) Iceland is close to Greenland but geologically the two have little in common rightful(a) 9) Which of the following are types of convection cells in or on earth Ocean currents amp boiling motions in a pot of soup. 0) The suns radian energy drives the movement of our atmosphere received 11) Earth is the centre of the universe Who Knows 12) Earth should be cooling off as primeval heat is lost to outer space nonsensical 13) superior Klevin calculated mathematically that Earth is cooling off.His maths were correct legitimate 14) Although interior parts of earth are shown as pretty coloured bands, heat distributi on is much uniform Incorrect 15) Earth is comprised of the same materials and in more or less the same proportion as the sun Yes 16) radiant energy received from the sun is the most important type in explaining continental drift dour 17) The fact that S-waves are lost within the Earth is good evidence for a liquid outer core True 18) Method used by geologists in injecting the mantle for seismic studies is Bottom 19) Earth is a planet in the process of worthy a star Recent studies have indicated that it is heating up at the rate of a few degrees per century False 20) To date we have not been able to drill to the core, however we can see it in volcanic material False 21) entitle Kelvin has proved that earth is dying planet. It is cooling off relatively rapidly False 22) Canada is one of the coutries where solar winds can be seen True 23) By examining the geothermal gradient in deep wells, we can predict temperature at center of earth False 24) Various compositions of meteorites ref lect Mantle of earth, whole earth, earths cruts.Oceanic crust of earth has a minimum thickness of about 5 KM The North American plate is moving away from the European one at a measurable but small surmount per century True Mountains are shaped by both convection cells in the diagram True The floor of the Atlantic is widening why is there a ridge in the middle Volcanoes Iron-rich minerals in basaltic lava can give information on the Earths magnectic field at the time volcanic eruption True Fundamental differences between the floors of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans Different ages, different amounts of sediments, Different manganese mineralization Material from the mantle reaches the surface of the Earth along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge True Radiant energy received from the sun is the most important type in explaining continental drift True The repeating of two colurs indicate different lava flows indicats alternating lava flows with different paleomagnestism When seen in cross-sectio n, continents look like thin transport on the surface of the mantle Because continents are composed of lighter materials Long before their geologic vastness was discovered, paired bands of equal magnestism were recognized south of Iceland The dark blue during WWII The continents started migrating apart approximately 180 million years ago True In what ways is Atlantic Ocean spreading analogous to Antartic ice practice bundling behaviour New ice is forming in cracks joins blocks of senior ice amp There are blueprint currents in the water below There are a lot of thick sediments around the Mid-Atlantic Ridge False The suns radiant energy drives the movements of our atmosphere True P-Waves generated at one locality can be detected around the globe if the source is sufficient False The positive magnetic bet on is in Canada and always has been False Fossil Fuels are usually found in rocks typical of ocean crust False The magnetic north game lies in northern Canada TrueThe magnetic stripes south of Iceland were correctly interpreted as indicating the spreading of the ocean floor True If new mantle material is added to the crust in marine trenches, it must be consumed along the mid-Atlantic Ridge False Which of the following minerals from Bowens reaction series forms the highest temperature? Ca-plagioclase What is the lucid structure of quartz None of the above Some mineral crystals have an internal structure similar to glass False Which one is the name of a major element found in quartz ti What is the crystalline structure of feldspar None of the above Atoms with the maximum number of electrons in their outer orbital Inert (non-reactive) What is the crystalline structure of biotite SheetSilicon is the most abundant elemen of the earths crust False Halite and calcite are both congenatorly soft and soluble The resistance of a mineral to scratching is called insensibility In a cooling magma, at what approximate temperature can silicon tetrahedral get close liberal to share all their oxygens to form a framework silicate mineral 800 degrees. An electrically charged atom is called An Ion Isotopes are good to eat False What is the crystalline structure of the pyroxene group of minerals single chain Musovite has perfect cleavage in one direction True view and weight are synonymous False What is the crystalline structure of amphibole Double Chain Calcite has a austereness of 3 on Mohs scale TrueWhich of the following is the most common mineral in the earths crust Feldspar First orbital (energy level) in an atom can have a maximum of cardinal electrons The most common building block of silicate minerals Has 4 Oxygen atoms and 1 Silicon Atom In a metallic bond All electrons are shared Which of the following elements commonly substitutes for Silicon in the tetrahedral of silicate minerals Aluminum The second orbit (energy level) in an atom can have a maximum of eighter from Decatur electrons Cleavage occurs when a mineral breaks in stocha stic directions False Which type of bonding in minerals is the weakest Van Der Waals Which has the densest mineral Gold If an atom loses an eletron it becomes Positively chargedThe location of volcanoes on earth is near plate margins volcanic eruptions occur primarily because of the voltatile content (gaseous components) of the magma True Which of the following statements is true It is possible to derive granite from a basaltic magma. Ashfalls may be useful in establishing display case of volcanism and paleowind direction. Columnar joints occur primarily Basaltic lava flows Which of the following statements are not correct Volcanoes are seldom more than 1000 metres high Most rocks found on the flanks of volcanoes have very small crystals True In Hawaii the ropy lava is called Pahoehoe Pumice is coagulate crystalline forth TrueSilica rich lavas are adhesive and lead to explosive erutpions True Pyroxene is the first mineral to cryztallize out of a very hot basaltic magma False Pumi ce is very light and may even float because it contains pulverized wood of the volcano False Which statement is correct The Hawaiian Islands are large shield volcanoes Which rock does not belong with the others Rhyolite Shield volcanoes are not normally explosive True Magma may rise to the surface of earth partly because it is lighter than the surrounding rocks True The crystal size ofigneous rocks is affected primarily by ramble of cooling Calderas may be formed by collapse of the crater at the summit of a volcano true Which one is not a volcanic rock GabbroOne parent magma can produce several different types of igneous rocks True Discontinous quartz glass sequence from Bowens reaction series is indicated by Olivine-pyroxene A Rock does not need to contain any minerals True Which of the following is a pyroclastic rock Tuff Humans have never discovered the birth of a completely new volcano False Obsidian is a typical natural gas True Sills are Always younger than the surrounding rocks An igneous rock formed primarily of olivine and Ca-Rich Plagiosclase is called Basalt Granite does Not contain Ca-rich plagioclase Granite is do up of the following group of minerals Quartz, amphiboles, K-Feldspar If cooling is faster, the size of crystals in igneous rocks Decreases The rocks of the ocean floor are mostly made of BasaltWhich of the following rocks commonly forms batholiths Granite Bowmens reaction series explains igneous textures False Most recent basaltic lava is found In the Atlantic Which one of the following instrustions has the largest volume of rocks Batholith As a basaltic magma cools and crystals form, the remaining liquid becomes silicon Magma may contain some solid crystals True The small holes in many volcanic rocks are due to detain air bubbles A stratovolcano Can produce nuee ardente Which of the following statements is true Water vapour is a volcanic gas released during eruptions. To form magma, which of the following sources is NOT undeniable Solar energy Shield volcanoes None of the aboveThere is a large volcanic mountain range downstairs the Atlantic Ocean Yes Obsidian can provide picturesque gems False Carbon dioxide is an important volcanic gas True Igneous rocks form at about 1,000 degree C Which mineral is least likely to be associated with an explosive volcano Olivine Submarine (underwater) laval may develop Pillows Penetration by plant root is the most important soil forming factor in tropical forest False Soil is a necessity for life on earth True what type of tombstone would weather most quickly Marble The greater stability of minerals that are formed at the Earths surface is due to Increase covalent bonds Soil profile development is affected by many processes.Which one doesnt belong Meditation Minerals that form at lower temperature from a cooling magma are mostly more stable in the weathering environment True Among other things the diagram shows a diamond being cut. Is this objective weathering? Yes Snow can physically weather igneous rocks most effectively under which condition snow cant do this Soil develops pedogenic layers (horizons) due to leaching and translocation of material Soil profiles do not develop in artic regions False In what environment does chemical weathering predominate over mechanical weathering None of the above Wind is the only erosional medium in a desert environment False What is the main cause of the characteristics fractures of exfoliation dome Pressure release Amphiboles are so unstable at the earths surface that they can never be found in sedimentary rocks.False Why is quartz more resistant to wreathing than pyroxene It has more covalent bonds A soil profile develops from the bottom upward False Which rock would weather most quickly in a hot, humid environment Basalt In desert soils, net movement of material is downward. False Examples of weathering exsist in Ontario True Which of the following is not produced by the weathering of K-Feldspar Olivine Wh at is the process baffling when minerals lose water molecules from their crystalline structure desiccation Granite undergoes frost shattering much more substantially than dolostone False Plant roots do not penetrate deeply in the tropics True Weathering usually takes place in a unkindly system FalseChemical weathering invariably leads to angular fragments False Continental sedimentary rocks (those not formed in the sea) are formed from minerals mostly derived from The physical breakdown of igneous and metamorphic rocks Can Ice wedging, frost shattering, sandblasting co-exist Yes together which particle would have the highest settling velocity more than spherical intermediate particles Carbonates (limestone) dissolve preferentially in Freezing cold water Saltation persona of movement of sand grains Delta sequence as seen in a core, would show, from the bottom up clay-silt-sand Plane beds form in fast moving water when both sand or gravel is present True Diagnesis starts after the sediments have been deposited To generate clastic sediments weathering, transport and deposition must occur Carbonates are most likely to occur In shallow tropical seas The reat majority of limestones are formed skeletons of invertebratae organism and algae The maximum stream velocity in a river can be measured near surface and in the middle Which of the following is a thick deposit of composed mainly of invertebrate skeletons lower In colonial corals the individual are called Polyps carbonisation is fossilization where little or no enlarge can be seen True Least likely to contain fossil molds of brachiopods Conglomerate Organisms that live on the bottom of the sea are called Benthon What properties of an organism make it a good paleoenvironmental indicator sharks and turtles Brachiopod has two shells of unequal size In which rocktype are fossil casts least likely to form Granite Fossilization occurs at high alititudes False Which of the following minerals does not form a ca st Pyroxene Human species have been around for 1/1,000Dolphins and fish have similar outside(a) forms convergent evolution Fossil species are delimit mainly on the basis of their physical show Which of the following has the best change of being fossilized An oyster Which organism has least likely to fossilize as a cast Worm The majority of coral reefs are built in warm seas because Their skeletons persist longer in warm amniotic fluid Fossils which denote specific short periods of time are called Index fossils Paleozoic corals lived mainly in warm, shallow seas Evidence of organic activity is preserved in rocks as Coprolites, trace fossils and bioturbation Trace fossils include Tracks, feces, and burrowsWhich is the most important factor affecting preservation potential Rate of burial If a mold is fill with mineral material result is Cast What is the most common message of fossilizing plants Carbonization What is the most common material forming petrified woods Silica Trilobit es first evolved in Cambrian Pelecypods are generally characterised by Two shells equal size, bilateral symmetry, powerful muscles What are the subdiviso ns of the geological time scale from longest to shortest Era, Period, epoch sedimentary rocks are never older than igneous rocks False A daughter element of uranium is Lead If a bed conformably overlies another it meansno time interval is missing between them What is the approxcimate age of the oldest known rock on earth 3. billion What is the gap in the stratigraphic record called Unconformity Why did lord kelvin underestimate the age of the earth radioactivity had not yet been discovered musical accompaniment things contain A constant % of carbon 14 in their tissue Which statement best describes the principle of uniformitariainsims the present is the key to the past Radiometric dates of sedimentary particles may not represent the true age of the deposit They are reworked from older rocks Principle of fossil zonation indicates th at genuine fossils occur Only certain geological periods What is the most common way of determining absolute age of a rock Radioactivity What is a paleosoil-An ancient soil Sedimentary rocks are most accurately dated using Fossils In shallow water sediments there are many time gaps If strata are vertical tilting has occurredFour primary geological ears are Precambrian, paleozoic, mesozoi and Cenzsoic Relative age is determined mainly using fossils what is needed before doing this evolutionary sequence Where is carbon 14 primarily produced Earths atmosphere The evolutionary sequence of an organism is normally found by applying principle of principle of superposition The limbs of a syncline blind towards the center of the fold Forces that cause folding can also force hug faults Folding of rocks can occur at great depths only Alps formed mainly as a result of continental collision An silent continental margin is found in Nova Scotia The beds at the core of an aniticline are Oldest and bowed downward uncovering means eroding and exposing deep-seated rocksOlder rocks are generally exposed at the centre of the eroded anticline The miogeosyncline of a mountain chain is Thrust faults Strike-slip faults move mainly-Horizontal The deepest earthquakes occur at a depth of about 700 km Orogenesis The formation of mountains A joint is a fracture plane where motion has not occurred Mid-oceanic ridges are locations of make-up of new crust Where is the earths crust thickest Beneath craggy regions The apls are higher than the Appalachians because they are younger Dip and strike are ways to measure alter bed The average thickness of the oceanic crust is about 8km The crustal plates movement is measured in cm/year Inactive continental margins have goodly sedimentation