The Game of Love and Chance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Game of Love and Chance - Essay ExampleThe two parties including their servants decide to swap their roles so that the royal Silvia and Dorante lower themselves to servants while their servants rise to royalty as depicted by training and roles. Ironically neither of the two parties have no idea of what the other has done except for Silvias scram and the brother. In the end all their disguises are relinquished and they dawns to them that they have in fact fallen for their think match.The plot of this frivol speaks for itself. Through Silvias father and brother a stiff sigh of comic relief pitcher is realized in the play making it absolutely lively. As much as a hardly a(prenominal) people show reveal the aspect of predictability within the play, they show no aspects of complete displeasure frankincense proving the story interesting to a larger audience. The subject matter of the play is almost entirely love. It is an majuscule complete picture of the complications involved in love and how people take chances in the name of love. pick and choice are other things that keep the the play going.The dramatic work portrayed in the play is credible because any realistic performance captures attention and the play did that. This statement of attention capturing in effort to achieve realism is approved of by Isherwood (2014) in his theatre review, Mysteries of Heaven and Earth, where he says Suspending our disbelief for a while is among the primal pleasures of theatergoing.

Teenage Identity Formation in Homosexuals Research Paper

Teenage Identity Formation in Homosexuals - enquiry Paper ExampleIn self- identicalness element theory this is a surgery known as self-categorization and in identicalness theory the process is referred to as identification (Stets & Burke, 2000, p. 224). Sexual orientation is among the factors that come into play in the process of forming an identity. This essay takes the position that homosexual identity in jejunes is a life-time development process that is intricately level(p) to individualised identity. In particular, rattling teens in Western countries are predisposed to experience conflicts and a wide deal of stress as a result of overwhelming homophobic cultural influences (Vare & Norton, 1998). Essentially, it is argued that the organization of identity in homosexual teens is fraught by a prevailing culture that discriminates against sexual orientation that is at variance(p) with what the dominant culture views as normal (Vare & Norton, 1998, p. 327). The Western media has played a significant role in the perpetuation of homosexual identity by portraying stereotypical homosexual males (Sutton, 2007). These stereotypical gay males are essentially cast by the media in fashion and primarily the creative arts. This portrayal of homosexuals creates the impression that gay men are creative and denies consideration of the possibility that gays may be from among the lower and higher sectors of the companionship (Sutton, 2007). The medias role in the formation of homosexual identity is olibanum one of ascription which ever influences how the teen homosexual adopts to and achieves his or her personal identity as a homosexual. Thus this paper is suppose around three research questions 1. How does being homosexual or gal effect teenagers identity formation? 2. Does the media glorify being a homosexual/gay? 3. Does the media help with being accept? This paper is divided into three main parts. The first part of this paper analyzes theoretical perspectives on personal identity in teens and thus explores the environmental and personal factors that influence personal identity along the data track of ascription, achievement and adoption. The second part of this paper analyzes more directly, how personal identity is formed among homosexual teens and thus identifies the factors influencing ascription, achievement and adoption of homosexual identity. The third part of this paper analyzes the role that the media plays in identity formation in homosexual teens. Personal Identity Formation in Teens Neff and McGehee (2010) inform that self-identity is a major illustration for teens. During adolescence, the teen is typically experiencing a number of emotional difficulties associated with issues related to evaluating and perceiving the self. The teen also goes through a process of comparing the self with social realities and attempting to find a self-identity and determining where the teem fits into the social hierarchy (Neff & McGehee, 2010, p. 225). According to Neff and McGehee (2010), invariably, the teens self-evaluation and comparisons end up with a negative self-analysis as the teen is typically confronting a number of stressors such as concerns over academic performance, the need to be democratic and fit in with the right peer crowd, body image, concerns with sexual attractiveness, and so on(p. 225). However, Eriksons (1968 cited in Sokol, 2009) theory of identity development, while it speaks to this process as one of crisis, it encompasses more broadly a excursion to achievement and thus encompassing ascribing and adopting. Thus according to Erikson (1968cited in Sokol, 2009), the word crisis in terms of identity formation is not a threat of catastrophe, rather it is a turning point, a crucial consummation of increased vulnerability and heightened potential

Gulliver's Travels Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gullivers Travels - Essay ExampleLaputa is a fictional island made out of a kind of marble, adamantine - adamant means stubborn, an indication of the king (Your Dictionary 2009) - that hovers above a bigger island called Balnibarbi. Gulliver spends some time there, but is dismayed by the blinkered views of the inhabitants, who argon good with technology, astronomy, mathematics and music, but obligate not developed practical skills and are not sociable. His time there is spent chatting with servants and women, who he considers slight important. He lumps women of all times and piazzas together as being not limited by whatever climate or nation, and ... are much more uniform, and can be easily imagined. (Swift 2003) But they are less valid than the ones who matter the scientists and thinking men, who have no time for him. Thinking them rude, he decides to leave. He is allowed to go with a gift of about two hundred pounds English a sum which indicates not only the time Swift writes in, but also his inability to break out of the English watch perhaps because he thinks of his audience, or perhaps because he is caught within that scope. All the fancy imaginings he uses are a conscious departure from the customs, politics, costumes and language he knew.Descending to the lower static island, Gulliver is appalled by the lack of development he witnesses during a tour of the capital, Lagado. Compared to the place he has just come from, it is backward, unkempt, disorganized and in disrepair a real Dystopia, even though the Laputians had strange ways of doing things. In a place about half the bigness of London, the people below appear so strange, and the soil so uncultivated, that he asks questions of his guide, lord Munodi. It turns out the reasons behind the sorry state of Lagado is that laws were put in place to cover everything was done the wrong way around, by the divergent government.Munodi takes Gulliver to his own estate, which in comparison, is extremely well run. ...

Produce a component drawing suitable for transfer onto a CAM system Essay

Produce a component drawing suitable for transfer onto a CAM system (Mechanical Engineering) - Essay Examplein the industry because of several reasons including improved design fictional character, increased productivity, government of data base for manufacturing, creation of standards for design and doing away of inaccuracies brought about by hand-copying of several drafting as well as drawings inconsistency (Introduction to CAD, 2008).CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) refers to the effective employment of the computer technology for manufacturing planning and control. CAM is refer with manufacturing engineering processes including planning and scheduling of manufacturing processes, machining operations, control of quality of production processes and products as well as quantitative Control (NC) part programming. Computer-aided manufacturing is normally integrated with Computer Aided Design in CAD/CAM systems.This allows performance of information from design section to produ ct production planning with no need of entering the data manually on the part geometry(Introduction to CAD, 2008). CAM develops the information stored by CAD into information which is used as instruction manual for running and controlling production operations, machining, materials and equipment handling, product inspection and automatic testing.The rationale for CAD/CAM comes out to explain improvements based on technology as far as manufacturing is concerned. This approach grows as a force of the need to make improvements on quality, productivity and product competitiveness. Other major reasons include Better quality of the produced goods, better communication, higher production level, manufacturing common database, lowered prototype costs of construction and quicker customers response(Introduction to CAD, 2008).The required hardware part for a CAD/CAM system includes components such as a digital computer, workstation, plotters and siding put devices as well as storage device s. The system, in addition to this encompasses an interface communication which usually enables data transmission to other

Is Facebook Marketing Effective Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Is Facebook Marketing Effective - Research Paper vitrineThe methodology that I feel opted for this research is qualitative methodology, as I will involve the useable literature for answering the question of my research that is Is Facebook marketing effective?. Qualitative methodology involves literature reassessment in which, the reviewer washbasin make use of available information to analyze his topic and identify answers to questions raised in a study. Literature review is quite beneficial as the student gets a chance to collect useful information pertaining a topic of his own vex and can apply this information for finding solution to the problems in his study. For this study, literature review is much more suitable. Internet is an engaging medium for different kinds of businesses operative in todays world. A rapid increase can be seen in e-commerce and internet marketing activities all told over the globe. People of all ages show by-line in the usage of this network as th ey can connect with the whole world. Social networking websites can be categorised as the most likable platform for all the users of internet. Among many other social networking websites, Facebook is one. Businesses and e-businesses all over the world give significance to Facebook as a social networking site suitable for denote purposes. A larger number of internet users make use of Facebook for their routine communication with their mates and the interest of businesses and e-businesses in Facebook point towards the fact that market is awargon of the importance of Facebook to reach its customers. Marketing or advert on Facebook is quite essential in todays scenario when the businesses can find a large number of potential customers there (Arntz, 2009). While using Facebook, we can notice a number of advertisements on the site, which advertise different categories of services and products. We can find standard ads, side bar ads, separate announce pages, Facebook profiles of compa nies and so on and all these category of marketing comes under the category of eMarketing. According to Liptak (2009), these ads usually take a crap the users of Facebook on their clicking the ad to the descriptive page of the advertisement showing contact description and other grave data about the advertised product or service. Not only the ads take the users to the internal pages of Facebook except to other websites keeping descriptive information about company, products and services. E-commerce websites, content based websites and other websites delivering information presentment various banner ads and side bar ads for the promotion of products and services of companies whether they are online firms or offline firms as these are the most common categories of internet advertising. According to Ducoffe (1996), e-commerce websites can be described as websites that can be seen on internet for international customers, they are designed for broad range of customers and people can gravel them for the provision of services and products. The e-commerce websites provide the ordered or purchased products and services at the homes of consumers. Therefore, it can be express that for e-commerce websites, which are themselves based on internet processing, can make use of internet advertisements for their business promotion. Ducoffe (1996) explains that e-commerce websites have eased the process of shopping. These websites not only bring to light their marketing campaigns on their own websites only also on other websites. Content-based websites also display various categories of internet ads in the form of banner ads and side bar ads. These websites are designed for information deliverance purposes and are able to

Why is Buddhism considered to be the only common meeting ground of Essay

Why is Buddhism considered to be the altogether common meeting ground of Asian cultures - Essay ExampleIn a culture where the psyche of diety is so thoroughly solidified, Buddhism focuses on humanitarian deeds rather than worship of a higher being. Buddhism last chooses to find the good in humanity in society where religious warf atomic number 18 continues to plague society. The creative activity of Buddhist tradition and practice focus around ethical perceptions. All Abrahamic religions along with Hinduism such as Christianity and Islam all have a divine God. Moreover, Buddhism tends to focus around life and suffering. It is evident that Asia is a truly poor continent with poverty plaguing the sphere internationally and domestically. Religious diversity continues to be the problem in the continent as extremists from all religions tend to create chaos and destruction. This is perfectly displayed through John La Plante as he states, Buddhism tends to adhere to the teachings of Bu ddha which calls for a very peaceful and humble approach (Plante, 34). Moreover, Buddhism allows individuals to practice separate religions along with Buddhism. The whole essence of Buddhism is to preach peacefulness and embrace nature. It was clear that people were attracted to the idea in which humanity is the focal point rather than worship and control that other religions enforce.Another key chemical element that proves why Buddhism is embraced by the Asian culture is due to the fact that it promotes peace. Since Buddhism embraces the fact that peace and harmony are vital towards reaching salvation, it completely diminishes the difference of opinion in the religion itself. Buddhism is one of the fewest religions in which sects are not a huge issue. Moreover, Buddhism tends to bridge the differences. Hinduism for instance continues to impose the cast system which clashes against equality. It leads to differences betwixt society and further leads to more division and clashes amo ngst people. On the other hand,

3 concepts about sociology in the narrative Living in McMinden Essay

3 concepts about sociology in the narrative Living in McMinden - Essay ExampleGender socialization is the intent for boys and girls to be socialized differently. Boys are raised to accommodate to the male gender role, and girls are raised to conform to the female gender role. A gender role is a set of behaviors, attitudes, and personality characteristics expected and promote of a person based on his or her sex. Gender socialization is often reinforced by the family, education, work and mass media. The statement in the narrative which exemplifies this concept was through the views of Suzanne Diedrich, a divorced mother. She said, It is a rough world for both men and women, but men are supposed to be tough. I want my boys to be tough, like my Daddy was. From this statement, it is obvious that Ms. Diedrich believed that boys are the stronger sex. Boys are viewed as the ones who are much physically active than girls. Even in our daily lives, we can observe that boys are usually stipu lation balls or baseball bats as presents while girls are given dolls or kitchen toys.

Business economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business economy - Essay ExampleThis will train them to the Sainsbury fund, aside from the fact that Sainsbury is the only supermarket with all sorts of food and other available product in that area. On the other side there is Oxford Street which has a huge amount of employees and costumer. Again for the same causality people would prefer to shop in Sainsbury store. both major determinants of demand are at spend a penny in this situation nation and absence of related services. First, we expect Sainsbury to have higher(prenominal) demand since the population in the area is large (Fao Corporate). Given that it is the meeting place of two major streets, the location clear be conveniently reached by many consumers. Second, the absence of related services provides no rivals for the services stipulation by Sainsbury (Mankiw). This also increases the demand for this particular store.However, the worry with the service is the absence of self-serve cashiers. Given a higher demand for the service, this would mean that people will always have to queue when paying. Queues in this particular store are usually capacious and given that people have to use their nectar cards, it would take long before they can finish their transactions. This is a lack of service thereby reducing node convenience. Certainly, put under is one that can possibly drive the demand down.Employees2. Upon observation, I realized that employees are not practiced affluent or properly coordinated. Apparently, the planning and design of the employees tasks were not properly done, so that when the store gets so busy, the employees fail to help each other, thus the task of long queues cannot be addressed. Employees were not trained enough to do the tasks of others in case some experience a problem. This makes the operation paralyzed whenever the number of customers increases beyond usual.Size 3.The size of the store is very much important in delivering the service. Given that there is a large p opulation of buyers in this particular store, it is necessary to also expand the floor area. This is a problem with Sainsbury since the area of the store remains small, compared to the number of possible customers. This problem has many possible bad effects. First, a small store area against the number of customers will bring inconvenience to the shoppers. Instead of enjoying their shopping experience, customers susceptibility feel it a burden. Second, this prevents the store from maximizing the existing demand for the product. Third, this will be a problem if a competitor builds a bigger store in the future. Sainsbury might find them divested of customers.Part TwoIn todays retail market, evermore discerning customers are requiring a wider range of goods and services. Increasing competition is putting profit margins under pressure and businesses across the industry must(prenominal) learn to manage objectives and resources professionally, efficiently and effectively. in that loca tion are many factors and circumstances affecting the industry and as a result retail executives must consider fundamental solutions to their businesses in stray to secure success in the market place. In order to achieve this, a large retailer such as Sainsburys Supermarkets Limited (SSL) must improve customer service and meet customer demands continuously taking into account

Argumentative Research Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Argumentative Research Report - Essay Example oneness of the strong arguments for legalization of drugs stems from the inadmissibility of the continuation of the authorized state of affairs, when hundreds of thousands of people be arrested every year and kept behind bars for possession of mislabeled substances for personal usage, and not for sale (Inciardi, 2005, p.133). At the same time, realistically looking at things we have to confess that even under such a harsh political science there has not occurred a significant reduction in drugs use, and there seems to be no view for such reduction at all, because for many people drugs offer a much valued might to escape from the unpleasant aspects of our reality. Thus, the measures of prosecution and compulsory rehabilitation of drugs addicts substitutes one evil for another as they except add to the unhappiness of people who depend on drugs by intensifying in them an atmosphere of psychological tension that may actually contribute to the drug-oriented behavior and addiction (Zimmer and Morgan, 2001, p. 36). Moreover, the illegal status of drugs is the single great boon for the criminal narco-mafia, which has become a proper symbol of evil to be fought with, and which is in detail interested in the prevention of legalization of drugs.Considering the above-mentioned, we may infer on sound grounds that the current state of affairs regarding policies towards drugs abuse are often based on superficial understanding of the center field of the phenomenon they are aimed against, so they often lead to ineffective and even damaging consequences. In fact, experiments with prohibition are definitely well known for the United States, one has just to recollect the 18th Amendment that in 1919 criminalize the production and sale of alcoholic drinks. Needless to remind that criminal activity surged, and health of now illegal drinkers was threatened by illegal alcohol of dubious quality (Haynes and Harding 2004, pp. 262-2 78). Besides, efforts

Vertigo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Vertigo - Essay ExampleWhile investigating and trailing her, he discovers that she is suicidal and is suffering from thoughts of committing suicide. Later both of them put across in love with each opposite and then the protagonist experiences the ending of Madeleine as she commits suicide. Later he is cared for by Judy Barton who resembles Madeleine and Scottie once again fall in love and this time he is in love with Barton. He tries to mold Barton and make her construction exactly similar to Madeline but later he discovers that Madeleines death was a hoax and was a plan by her husband. Later due to an accident Barton dies and the protagonist loses his fear of heights but ends up being heart broken.The central point that is being discussed in the movie is the attraction as hygienic as fear that are associated with death. Death jackpot cause different feelings within an individual, for example it can result in the emotion of fear or it can even result in the emotion of triumph . This is a point that has been quite heavily depicted in the movie. The movie depicts that when an individual himself experiences death or a near death situation, he/she is most likely to experience the emotion of fear (Krueger 53). This was quite evident as when the protagonist of the movie is about to die as he is about to fall from a very tall building. Due to this incident he became so afraid of death by falling that he became afraid of heights and developed a psychological disorder called acrophobia. At the same time movie even depicts that death is a way through which individuals can gain satisfaction and relief from emotional stress. This feeling of satisfaction and emotional relaxation is experienced by those individuals who use death as a tool of revenge (McDougall 121). This is quite clearly depicted within the movie as the protagonist tries to kill Judy who had helped in planning the death of Madeline. Although the protagonist was afraid of death, he counters this fear when he himself

To what extent are organisations socially constructed phenomena Essay - 2

To what fulfilment are organisations lovingly constructed phenomena - Essay ExampleIn any case, the understanding of the relationship between agreements and monastic order requires the following act separately aspect of organizations has to be analyzed as of its potential interaction with social norms. In this consideration, change, culture and symbolism, as important elements of modern organizations, are analyzed and interpreted using distract theoretical frameworks. The relationship between organization and society is close but it can be sporadically alternated under the influence of the local political and economic environment. 2. Organizations as socially constructed phenomena 2.1 Organization and society In order to understand the level at which society influences organizational practices, it would be necessary to refer to genuine of the frameworks used for explaining the organizational ethics and structure, as parts of the organizational strategy for achieving the org anizational mission. ... Organizations, as pipeline units operating within a particular society, can non avoid the influences from the society. This fact is reflected in discordant parts/ characteristics of organizations. For example, each organization is based on its workforce, a group of people having to perform specific tasks in various organizational departments. Society is constructed by groups of people, i.e. families, peer groups and work groups (Tischler 2010, p.127) that cooperate for developing specific social or economic activities. In the study of Carroll et al. (2008) reference is made to another common element of society and organization the technology. Technology, in various forms, is critical for the success of business operations. However, technology is also involved in the interests of the public. The approximately common example of this type is the technology used in healthcare organizations. The technology used in communications is another example where the in tervention of technology in social activities is made clear. In the context of its mission each organization is expected to invest on technology, which is expected to support the organizational growth. However, this practice may come in opposition to exiting social ethics. An indicative example of this case is included in the study of Carroll et al. (2008, p.352) biotechnology is a sector highly developed the last decades as it can uphold to the development of effective treatment for a series of diseases however, this technology is also used for promoting activities which are not accepted by the society, as, for example, the research on cloning. Organizations that operate in the specific industry often cod to face the strong opposition of the public, a fact indicating that the

American Government assignment one Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

American judicature activity assignment one - Essay ExampleIn fact that was the very thing against which the Colonials had rebelled. This distrust in government engendered one which was inherently weak. The problem with the Articles of Confederation was that they seek to create a nation season still trying to allow the several states to keep force plays typically only reserved for actual nation-states same taxation powers, war declaration powers, and the right to skip currency. Most of all, the Confederation had no executive director sort out and thus no recognizable head of state. The Constitution gave the new national government the power to issue currency and thus provided financial stability to the country (Henretta 2000, 222). It also established a clear executive and leader of the country in the person of the Presidency. The First death chair, George Washington, provided a unity which was conspicuously missing below the Articles (Maddox 2003, 78-79). James Madison sa id that the Constitution was necessary to establish a strong government to clear foreign affairs and insisted that central authority would not foster domestic tyranny. The Constitution gave the central government broad powers over taxation, military defense, and external commerce as well as the authority to retain all lawsto implement those provisions (Henretta 2000, 226). The Constitution ended the chaos of the Confederation and gave birth to the America we survive today. Article 1.) David Jacksons article in The Oval House rebukes Obama over Libya (Jackson 2011) very untold encapsulates some of the broad changes which have beset Americas system of Federalism over the course of the bear half century. The rise of the unitary executive in no way accords with the thoughts of the founders who very much sought to limit the executive branch through a unique system of checks and balances. The U.S. House of Representatives recently rebuked Obama for his keep prosecution of the milita ry action in Libya. The US and its allies are seeking to bolster and erect a rebellion led by anti-Qaddafi forces and to protect civilian targets which have borne the brunt of attacks by government forces. A coalition of fiscally conservative Republicans and rebellious Democrats managed to pass a resolution in the House against the Obama organisations bombing campaign. The meaningfulness of the resolution is nonetheless very much in doubt. Just after toss it, the House refused to cut funding for the operation in North Africa. It seems that the House resolution then was vigor more than a feel-good measure things on the ground remain unchanged. The dispute concerns the 1973 War Powers Resolution which requires the President to seek Congressional approval of all military actions beyond 60 days. The Libya action has lasted well beyond 60 days but President Obama has still refused to obtain approval, claiming the War Powers Resolution does not return because it is a NATO effort. At the root of the question is the explicit power held by the Congress to control outgo and declare war. Jackson quotes Florida Representative Tom Rooney who said, Only Congress has the power to declare war and the power of the purse, and my bill exercises both of these powers by blocking funds for the war in Libya unless the President receives

Global Warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Global Warming - Essay ExampleThe threat here is that the polar ice caps would soon be melting because of global warming, which would increase the level of oceans to side. People live on coastal lines would live with to evacuate their homes and move to other places, causing overcrowding and security concerns (Michaels & Balling, 2009). The rise in ocean levels can cause floods, destroying crops and creating drought in countries. Citizens of the developed countries are aware of this growing enigma because there have been many documentaries about global warming and researches done in the developed world, where environmentalists and scientists have explained the consequences of global warming to the people. The people living in developing countries are responsible for making confident(predicate) that the human activities which trigger global warming, are prevented from happening and people act more responsibly (Black & Weisel, 2010). on that point are also more responsible because they have more resources to make people aware, as compared to the developing countries. The United States and other countries are responsible in a way, that they should create awareness in underdeveloped countries, and create programs to make people responsible for their actions and the way they treat the environment. However, not all responsibility lies in the hands of the developed countries, underdeveloped nations feel the climate change and the impact of globalization too. The government should be responsible for preventing activities which harm the environment.

PsychologyTransacial Adoption Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

PsychologyTransacial Adoption - Essay ExampleThese figures have grown substantially since those days and atomic number 18 likely to increase in the future.Evidently, such major sociological phenomenon could not but attract the economic aid of scholarly community. Research has covered the issues of ethnocentric bias, adjustment of adopted kidskinren, appearance discomfort, but largely rivet on the job of racial and cultural identity formation. The debate revolving around the question of whether White American parents should adopt children of different racial background was fueled by a position paper issued by the National Association of Black Social Workers (NABSW). Simon and Alstein (1977) clearly expressed the negative attitude of the Association toward the problem of transracial adoption labeling the placement of African American children - the most widespread group of children waiting for adoption in the U.S. - with the Caucasian families as cultural genocide (p. 202). The NA BSWs attitude toward transracial adoption was brilliantly illustrated by the following statement Black children should be placed only with Black families for adoption. Black children belong, physically, psychologically and culturally in Black families in methodicalness they receive the total sense of themselves and develop a sound protection of their future The socialization branch for every child begins at birth. Included in the socialization process is the childs cultural heritage which is an authorised segment of the total process. This must begin at the earliest moment otherwise Black children will not have the background and knowledge which is necessary to survive in a racial society. This is impossible if the child is placed with White parents in a White environment (Simon & Alstein, 1977 50) Although the NABSW position expressed three decades agone was made in a seriously different environment characterized by higher degree of mixed tensions some of the key arguments on which it relied did not become outdated. Thus, several relatively recent studies have demonstrate that African American families are likely to have difficulties preparing their children to succeed in the U.S. society characterized by the residuals of racist attitudes toward representatives of the minorities. Racial messages from the authorities, lower expectations at school, and prejudiced attitude from the low-enforcement officers are often listed among the most essential factors of capture in this regard (Bradley, 1998 Robinson & Ginter, 1999 Tatum, 1997). Presently, the views expressed by the scholars and child support organizations regarding the issue of transracial adoption gradually swag toward a more positive stance. Thus, the North American Council on Adoptable Children (NACAC) that includes more than 400 Canadian and American child advocacy organizations believes that racial background and ethnicity do play an essential role in socialization of a child a family of the s ame racial or ethnic background is favorite(a) for a child in terms of developing a set of effective strategies to cope with the racist attitudes still adopted by many American citizens. However, the NACAC also believes that

Relationships in Second Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Relationships in piece brio - Essay ExampleThe user has to make an narration for his personification, that is has to register, and after that these virtual populaces are accessible to them all year round at every time of the day (Heider, 47). Building up of relationships is an extremely important part of second base life. Relationships fundament be private or for business purposes. Relationships like in the rattling world are built on wish and trust in the virtual world also together with compatibility with each early(a). The virtual world relationships croak well same as real life relationships (Mahar 164). The relationships which are connected with the virtual Second keep are like real relationships. There throw off been many instances where these virtual relationships have had a optimistic impact on people leading to success in the real life also. For example, Nina Allam was married to Sean Barbary in the second life. They had even created a virtual island for the mselves to live. Allam decided to meet her Second Life partner Sean in the real life. She had been chatting with him since February 2008 and was about to meet him in personal. The CNN article reports her emotions as anxious and terrified before run across her virtual life partner. At one instance, she began talking to herself and thought that she could still get off the consume which was heading towards the destination where her virtual partner lived. Second life is more than a virtual world as people are connected together through various relationships, like virtual marriages. In the real world, both Allam and Sean live in England. Before they first met in real, they spoke with each other on the phone and via the webcam. After meeting in personal, CNN reports that both of them have real feelings for each other. both(prenominal) got married in real life and continue to live together. (CNN iReport). Sharon and Nigel also met on Second Life. They get by a home in this virtual worl s. CNN reports that Feebe Fearne (Sharons Second Life avatar name) got on instantly with Nijel Charles (Nigels avatar name) as soon as they met with each other in the virtual world of Second Life in February 2008. It was soon that they started spending a lot of time together on second life because of their compatibility. They first met in person in May 2008. In real life they only lived 80 miles far from each other. They finally got married. Paradoxically, they still want to continue with their Second Life wedding along with their real life wedding (CNN iReport). There have been many instances where various real life weddings have been encountered as a result of a second life relationship. Sharon and Nigel continue to live both their lives at the same time as they think that it was second life which bought them together in the real life. The above examples of couples who met through second life prove that it has had a positive consequence leading to real life marriages and hence a positive impact on their real life. Second life has to do more than just impacting the real life emotions concerned with living together. For example, by selecting an avatar of opposite gender, one may experience the attitudes and emotions in the real world. Certain activities in Second Life such as team work can teach different users to work effectively which they might find difficult in the real world. Second Life is a virtual world after all and therefore the way users behave in it has little to do with real life behavior sometimes.

Shark Finning Should Be Stopped Essay Example for Free

Shark Finning Should Be stop EssayShark Finning Should Be Stopped Nowadays, over 73 million of chisels of various species are being caught and killed worldwide each year ascribable to the increasing take up for cheat vanadium. Shark quintupletning is the behavior where angleermen cut off the sharks fin and throw the bodied back to the ocean aimed to get the maximum profit. Decades ago, when shark fin became the status symbols, the demand of it is increasing rapidly.Despite the high up profit of shark fin trade, however, sharks finning should be stopped aim to picture the requirement for natural resources in next generation. In this essay, I willing argue why the shark finning should be stopped. The first reason why shark finning should be stopped is that shark species is one infallible part of ecosystems. Sharks are the top level species of the marine ecological pyramids and related to humanity closely. It means that sharks have a go at it the important position of m aintaining the marine ecosystems.If there are a huge amount of sharks be killed, it will lead to quite a large number of small and medium-sized fishes loss of natural enemies and developing rapidly, hence seriously destroy the balance of marine ecosystems. For example, the decrease of sharks in Tasmania has led to the significant increase of the octopus, due to the octopuses prey on lobsters, the fisheries in that area has crumbled. Sharks are the dominant part which can remove the morbid animals and maintain the balance of predators and prey in marine ecosystems.Furthermore, marine ecosystems are significant to globe environs, although scientists havent find out the fully impacts of sharks extinction for humanity, there is obviously that the international disaster is coming. Furthermore, shark finning should be stopped not only due to shark finning will disparage for shark species save also bad for humanity. Shark fin trade has attractive profit but humanity will pay a lot for sharks extinction more than the salary they can earn.Besides the effects of shark finning in ecosystems, scientist also mentioned that shark fin contain high levels of mercury which can directly damage the central nervous system. According to Eilperin (2011), While many consumersespecially in Chinaview shark meat and fins as nutritious, sharks are likely to contain high levels of mercury because they are large, slow-growing fish that consume other fish as their prey, which allows mercury to build up in their muscle tissues. (p. 78) Its obviously that shark fin has symbolized wealth ince hundred years ago its prize is in psychology instead in physics. There is no doubt that shark fin as the luxury nutrient symbol in tradition society, is predicted to place rising pressure on available resources based on the expanding consumer purchasing capability (Clarke et al. , 2007). Due to the fact that shark finning is the behavior not only harm for environment but bad for humanity, it should be stopped and banned immediately. As I mentioned before, after the shark fin be cut off, the body of shark which is basically worthless will be threw back to the ocean.And the shark which has lost their measure of mobility will be taken by other species or bleeds to death (Jennifer, n. d. ). So you may ask why people do not use the entire shark to succeed more profit, but the answer, which is no doubt that sharks fin dope is the best neb of gaining highest profit. Sharks meat and bone are not be focuse by fishermen and wrinkle men but shark fin. Since several hundred years age, shark fin soup already became the necessary dish in the big events even though the price of shark fin soup is 100 dollar or more for a bowl.And the demand of shark fin is constant growing although it charges a high price. For instance, the shark fin trade is steady increasing in five part per year in the late 1990s (with the exception of 1998 when the Asian financial crisis caused depressing sal es) and the beginning of ordinal century (Eilperin, 2010). Though the large amount of shark fin soup, a dish without cooking value and taste, we can know that it is just symbol, no substance. Actually, the pursuit of shark fin is a sightless and senseless mentality which has lasted a long time especially in China.As the saying goes frugality is a virtue, shark finning as a stunning extravagant behavior should be stopped and banned. With the growing economics technology in China even in the world, people have more qualifications to concerned nearly their health and environment protection therefore, people should be more rational to consider the cost of shark finning. As the valued traditional Chinese lifestyle, balance and moderation also can be used to take pride and honor in rebuilding a balance to ecosystem by quitting shark finning (Why shark fin, n. d. ).

Evaluating Art Throughout The Ages Essay Example for Free

Evaluating Art Throughout The Ages EssayThroughout the muniment of art, evaluation of esthetic works has continued even long after the artists life sequence. This is because the proper evaluation of whatsoever work of art involves an understanding of its cultural and historical context, its philosophy and the message the artist tries to convey. Although beauty (aesthetics) apply to be an important component of art evaluation, post-modern and abstract art have delegated it to obscurity. (Schaeffer)Below are or so criteria relevant to evaluating art from any period of history 1. Technical quality and brilliance These consist of stress (structure and expression), contrast (separation of object from background in many instances), texture, colour display or the use of rakes (in line art), composition of various objects in the artwork and quality of craftsmanship. 2. Artistic integrity and vision Artists should remain true(a) to their worldview and to themselves.This means n ot only uniqueness and originality, but also remaining committed to the ideal and air he is trying to depict. 3. Philosophy and world view This is practically referred to the works hidden meaning, and the value it represents. E. g. in prehistoric cave art, the world view would often be related to the day-to-day offer fulfilment of bountiful hunting. Salvador Dalis artistic philosophy was based on surrealism ( attached picture ), which often had a dream-like quality. 4.Relation to the artists lifes work, its genre and period in history Many of these qualities cannot be completely evaluated during the artists life time, and may require significant periods of time after its completion. In many cases it is never complete e. g. masterpieces like the Mona Lisa continue to be evaluated, centuries after it was finished. consultation Schaeffer Francis (1978). Art and the Bible. Figure. Salvador Dalis Dream of a Virgin depicts his surrealistic philosophy, and a dream state.

Apple Firm Strategy Analysis Essay Example for Free

orchard apple tree Firm Strategy Analysis try onThe firm I have chosen to analyze is orchard apple tree. orchard apple tree, officially called as Apple Inc. was founded on April 1, 1976 by Steve Jobs and Steven Wojniak. It was incorporated on January 3, 1977. (Mohta, 2010) Apple excogitations and manufactures consumer products such as computers, laptops, tablets, phones and music players and computer software products such as Mac OS Operation System and iTunes. Over the past few categorys, Apple has gained a great customer base and been able to dominate the merchandise share. strategic frameworks such as Porters five forces and Strategic focus will help us in analyzing how Apple has managed to sustain its profits over a long period of time. Porters five forces frameworkThreat of CompetitionWhen it comes to computers, tablets and music players, Apple dominates the market share by a huge margin. The gross profit for Apple in the year 2012 is $65.64 billion whereas the gross p rofit for HP and Dell is $27.64 billion and $13.06 billion respectively. (Sparks, 2012) HP was unable to vie with Apple in the tablet market that it has started to consider focusing only on the computer industry. In the smartphone market, Samsung has by far been the biggest competitor for Apple. Samsung has 29.1% of the market share in the smartphone market whereas Apple only has 24.2 % of the market share. (Reisinger, 2012)Threat of impertinent entrantsConsidering the large customer base Apple has, threat of new entrants is quite low. The new entrants have neither been able to match up to the quality of the Apple products nor to the gross sales volume held by Apple. Hence, if Apple continues to design and manufacture innovative products, it will be extremely difficult for new entrants to be able to compete with Apple.Threat of SubstitutesWhen it comes to Apples hardware products, there are no substitutes as such that could replace it. However, when it comes to Apples software pr oducts such as the iTunes, which is the music store designed and developed by Apple for the purpose of purchasing and downloading music, there is a high possibility that the customers could whole step out for alternative sources for music such as limewire, youtube.com. (Mohta, 2010)Power of buyersApple has always focused on hardware and software integration of its products. Hence, Apple customers end up owning more than one Apple product. As a result of this, switching costs are extremely high. Also, due to the fact that large sales volumes are promised by Apple to the carrier networks such as ATT and Verizon, iPhones are sold to the customers at a subsidised rate. This is an indication that the carriers have very less buying power. (Sparks, 2012)Power of suppliersApple has an advantage over its suppliers as it outsources most of its manufacturing and has also started producing its own supplies. Consequently, it also gives Apple a huge competitive advantage. (Term piece warehouse) Strategic focus frameworkThe three value disciplines that are taken up for analyzing a attach to areOperational ExcellenceApple as a confederacy is highly efficient when it comes to functional excellence. All the departments in the organization starting from the sales forecasting department to the Distributions department are synchronized with each other leading to a highly efficient supply chain. Also, Apple has a express product line. (Lariviere, 2011) Hence, it is able to provide its complete focus on designing and manufacturing those products rather than drifting external from the organizations objective to sustain profits with a large number of product lines.Customer intimacyApple targets people. It focuses on users. And it lets them decide how and where they will use its products. (Asay, 2010) Apple has always been a customer focused company where its main aim is to deliver high quality products to its customers.Product LeadershipApple has managed to be a leader in its in dustry because of the fact it has been able to design innovative products. It has initiated changes to which its competitors had to respond. For example, Apple revolutionised the Smartphone market by introducing the iPhone. Except for Samsung, no other competitor of Apple has been able to come up with a dodging to deviate market focus from Apple. In addition, Apple has always on the lookout for new products to design and new markets to enter. This strategy has led to Apple being a leader in its industry.ReferencesAsay. M. (2010). Apple Doesnt target Markets. It Targets People. GIGAOM. Retrieved from http//gigaom.com/2010/08/26/apple-doesnt-target-markets-it-targets-people/Bargaining Power of Suppliers. Term Paper Warehouse. Retrieved from http//www.termpaperwarehouse.com/essay-on/Bargaining-Power-Of-Suppliers/84367Lariviere. M. (2011). Operations Apples private Sauce? The Kellogg Insight. Retrieved from http//operationsroom.wordpress.com/2011/11/04/operations-apples-secret-sauce/M ohta, J. (2010). Poters 5 forces model case Apple Inc. Slideshare. Retrieved from http//www.slideshare.net/jontymohta444/porters-5-forces-model-case-apple-incReisinger, D. (2012). Samsung Pulling away from Apple in smartphone market. CNET. Retrieved from http//news.cnet.com/8301-1035_3-57424779-94/samsung-pulling-away-from-apple-in-smartphone-market/Sparks, D. (2012). Competing with Apple is No Fun. The Motley Fool. Retrieved from http//beta.fool.com/danielsparks/2012/09/03/apple-2012-50-growth/10776/Spartanski. (2009). Case Study Apple Inc. Slideshare. Retrieved from http//www.slideshare.net/Spartanski/case-study-apple-inc-2008

Workplace Violence and Harrassment Essay Example for Free

Work confide rage and Harrassment EssayWhether you are an employer or an employee, everyone is responsible for study gum elastic. Within Canada, each province, territory, and the federal government, reserve Occupational Health and Safety ordinance establishing rights and responsibilities for employers and employees. However, this legislation has not made oeuvres skilful and wellnessy in general. Here are just a few examples of watch overplace violence, piece of work molestation and domestic violence that employers and employees are facing today. 1.Patrick Clayton a telephone receiver of WCB benefits entered the Edmonton WCB office and held eight people hostage at gun point for 10 hours before surrendering to natural law (Edmonton Journal, 2009). 2.Pierre Lebrun, an Ottawa Transit worker, walked into work, shot four of his co-workers and injured two more before he took his own life. Mr. Lebrun anyeged he was hassle be actor of his speech impediment (Branswell, 1999) .3.Lori Dupont, an OR nurse, was romantically involved with lad Dr. Marc Daniel for 2 social classs. When the relationship ended, a disgruntled Dr. Daniel viciously stabbed Ms. Dupont 7 times in the chest at work. Minutes later, he self-administered a drug overdose and died 3 days later (Schmidt, 2006). Almost 1 in 5 violent incidents in Canada occurs at work which amounts to approximately 356,000 incidents of violence each year in the workplace (Statistics Canada, 2007). Customers, clients, patients, students, workers, intimate partners, or family members whitethorn hurt, threaten, or harass workers while they are on the job (Labour, eviscerate 3, 2010). anguish has be pose a growing concern both in the workplace and in society. The norms and values in society welcome changed. Actions and words that were acceptable or tolerated before, are not anymore. Everyone motifs to be aware of their rights and where they can turn for help and advocate.When a person is feeling exploite d they can become withdrawn from their family and friends as well as not attending work. At the identical time those doing the harassing need to know that there are consequences to face for their reachs. All employees and management need to be made aware of how serious this issue has become and that worrying is not only from internal employees however can as well come from customers, right(prenominal) contractors and any member of the public, in all workplaces. To this end, the government has rigid greater onus and responsibility on the employer to act not only on report events, but also unreported known issues of torture and violence in the workplace.Look moreproblem get along solution speech essayRelevant Theories and researchOn June 15, 2010, the Ontario Occupational Health and Safety Act, specifically Bill 168 required all employers to examine the risks cerebrate to workplace violence, workplace torture and domestic violence, in response to the change magnitude dis plays of harassment and violence bear upon larger groups of people. Bill 168 required all employers to observe by ordering them to implement a policy and process to address these issues and ensure the wellness and safety of all their employees (Labour, workplace, 2010). But before companies can even provide support for their employees, there has to be policies and procedures unquestionable and put into place to address the issue of workplace violence and harassment.To do this, employers need to educate themselves on what workplace harassment and violence is. The definitions and scope of what constitutes workplace harassment and violence have changed. Workplace Violence is defined as a physical eviscerate or an attempt to exercise physical force against a worker in the workplace that causes or could cause physical injury to the worker (Labour, key, 2010). This includes imminent behaviour, verbal or written threats, harassment, verbal abuse and physical attacks. Workplace violenc e extends beyond the traditional workplace and can include off site work related social or melodic line functions or client al-Qaidas.Workplace harassment means a course of vexatious comment or conduct against a worker in a workplace that is known or ought reasonably to be known to be unwelcome. This includes informal harassment, bully, teasing and intimidation (IAPA, 2009). Domestic violence is defined as a behaviour used by one person to gain power and control over some other with whom he or she has had an intimate relationship. This may include physical violence, sexual, emotional, psychological, intimation, verbal abuse, stalking and using electronic devices to harass and control ( Labour, guide 6, 2010) The sources of workplace violence or harassment can be divide into four categories (IAPA, 2009) 1.External Threat incidents where an individual has no relationship with the workplace and threatens or commits an act or harassment in the workplace. 2.Clients, customers or v isitor Acts an incident resulting from a client, customer or visitor at the workplace who becomes violent, threatens or harasses an employee.3.Employee to Employee acts of violence or harassment resulting from employment relationship. 4.Domestic Violence incidents that occur in the workplace that cabbage from a personal or intimate relationship between two individuals. In a guide prepared by the Law Society of Upper Canada, for addressing harassment and discrimination (LSUC, 2009), the Ontario Human Rights Commission (2000) was quoted the exceed defence against human rights bangs is to be fully informed and aware of the responsibilities and protections included in the Code. It win establishes that the adoption of effective harassment and discrimination policies and procedures along with the design and delivery of the program assists in creating a respectful work environment for everyone and also reduces the risk of liability for employers.Significant malign can be caused by inappropriate response to claims of harassment and violence, not limited to compounding the dupes experience, affecting the victims relations with peers, violating the privacy of the victim, negative repercussions on the business, high absenteeism, loss of business, and legal cost attributed to these claims. In a policy statement published by the American Academy of Pediatrics (Pediatrics, 2006), it give tongue to that, although the common belief is that sexual harassment is perpetrated only on women, in 2001, 13.5% of sexual harassment charges reported to the Equal affair Opportunity Commission in the United States, were reported by men. tally to culture gathered by the SASHA Sexual Assault Centre in Hamilton, ON (SASHA, n.d.), one in four women and one in ten men have experienced some form of sexual harassment in the workplace. In addition, only 8% of those who are harassed at work report the harassment.According to an article by Karen Hughes in Gender, Work Organization (200 2), she found that women sexually harassed by customers were a significant problem. Her research focused on a study of 63 female retail suffice workers and 20 security workers and she found that while these women had been sexually harassed by customers, they were constrained in traffic with the behaviour due to the policies and procedures that the employer placed on customer satisfaction. The women were also reluctant to confront the harasser and alternatively resorted to avoidance or became less friendly, which affected their job performance.According to Queens University Human Rights principle Group (2010), employers can no longer rely on the grey area of workplace issues. Tribunals and courts have tackled these grey area excuses such as workplace culture of joking, promise of confidentiality, and complainant did not come forward, by tackling them head on, removing them from the grey area and rejecting the excuses.A Description of the Practical ImplicationsEffects on the Employ eeHarassment is a relevant issue as it can create low productivity for an organization and the morale of employees can drop. The victim may feel shame from being controlled and humiliated. The silence of co-workers is easy to understand because they cultism that if they say something, they might be next. Harassment and violence can cause a host of speech pattern related health problems. The employee may suffer from anxiety, disrupted sleep, loss of concentration, post-traumatic stress disorder, clinical depression or panic attacks. Left untreated and with prolonged exposure, the person could experience migraines, develop ulcers or have cardiovascular stress-related diseases occur causing the transformation of social factors into damaging biological consequences.These effects of stress related health problems on the employee lead to increased tardiness, absenteeism and sick leave. When they do make it too work they tend to be unproductive, as Jennifer McCarthy (2010) stated Harass ed employees waste between 10 to 52% of their time at work transaction with, or thinking about, their problem. Every year, hundreds of millions of dollars are lost in wages and trim down productivity. Additional negative effects of harassment and violence are rock-bottom job satisfaction, job masturbation and decreased career salience.Harassment can also affect the relationships the victim has with family and friends. When a person is harassed they can become depressed, vulnerable, and angry. This could include a loss of self esteem which affects them at work and home and could lead to the development of anti-social behaviour. Other negative effects include decreases in job involvement, job satisfaction, organisational commitment, and in organizational citizenship behaviours. The act of reporting workplace harassment and violence in itself may cause the employee distress doubly shocking their health, behaviour and productivity.Employees may be reluctant to report customer harassm ent to employers. alternatively they may resort to avoidance behaviours or be less friendly which potentially may impact their performance on the job. This could lead to poor performance reviews when the aggressive customer fills out a survey and expresses their disgruntled view point. In some cases, the employee lead request a work transfer in order to get away from the situation. In extreme cases, employees will lose their jobs either voluntarily or through constructive discharge.Effects on the OrganizationSo why should employers care? Effects on the Organization include harm to image and reputation that may lead to people mistrusting the enterprise. This evaluation could buffer the market value of the brand and social image. The organization could experience difficulty in employee recruitment, training and retention, because of the harm to the company image. These problems, if not corrected would reduce commitment, morale and productivity, because the negative emotional atmosph ere of the company would have a mutual influence on all personnel. A persons mood will affect ones work attitude. This in turn leads to reduced productivity and increased team conflict. It could lead to strained management-employee relations, because distrust would evident itself. When employees find to question what is happening in the workplace and their concerns are not addressed due to reduced communication in the workplace, this would cause things to become even worse.Employee turnover causes the loss of talented people for an enterprise, change magnitude the negative effects and costs of trying to replace the lost worker. It increases the use of Employee Assistance Programs, thus increasing costs of healthcare or benefits paid by the organization. EAP is intended to help employees solve issues affecting their health, happiness, working performance and the problems of success. But, by not addressing the issues of workplace violence and harassment and eliminating them, EAP cannot improve employee productivity, nor reduce employee absences. Short end point/long term disability and drug plan costs that should be used for external health issues affecting the employee are instead being spent on an internal issue that should be addressed. taproom costs are infinitesimally small compared to the high cost of an incident of workplace violence or harassment. Without policies and procedures in place, there could be extreme consequences for the employer as well as the individuals involved, as shown in the examples at the graduation of this report. The company could also be held responsible for paying out on harassment and violence related lawsuit. Significant harm can be caused by inappropriate response to claims, therefore, it should be emphasised that the mark of an employers response should make the alleged harassment stop and to restore the desired workplace environment. Employers should also be mindful that if there is an investigation, remedial action w ill not protect it from litigation if the action taken was inadequate for either the complainant or his/her coworkers. The employer has the duty to respond when they have been alerted to issues of harassment in the workplace.RecommendationsThe first step for any organization is to put in place a strong harassment policy that is developed by managers and employees. This written policy should include a clear definition of harassment as well as clear expectations of expected employee behaviour. Management and employees should work on creating the policy as a joint effort. The policy should also include corrective actions and stipulate that violation of its terms may result in discipline, up to and including termination of employment. Corrective action could range from demanding an apology for the complainant, providing counselling and/or training to the harasser and other staff to disciplining or dismissing the harasser. Some other alternatives available to the employer and employee ar e ever-changing the location, assignment or reporting relationship between the complainant and harasser. As well as creating a policy, contacts moldiness be made available 24/7 so a person has someplace to turn for help since in many cases, the employee is not going to respond immediately to the harassment.Instead they will do so at a time that they feel they are in a safe environment, such as home or after work hours. Lines of communication must be candid up for all management and employees with methods set up to protect everyones privacy who is involved in the complaint. All employees and management must be encouraged to speak up whether they are a victim or a witness. All employees should also be informed on how to file a complaint and to document each incident including place, time and any witnesses. This falls into play whether it occurs in or outside the workplace. Training and information sessions should be scheduled to educate all employees on the policy and procedures in dealing with harassment and include a discussion period to clear up questions.The employer can use workshops, preference sessions, films, brochures, posters, e-mail, memos and other tools to educate current employees. A copy of the policy and contact information should also be distributed to each employee as well having the information posted in areas where everyone has access. To ensure that you have advised all employees, have employees sign a commitment pledge acknowledging receipt and understanding of the policy. This will also support the employers due diligence should an issue arise at a later date and they must reprimand an employee for harassment and/or violence. It would also reinforce for the employee that the employer has taken this issue seriously. The policy should reinforce the timeliness for reporting a complaint in order to maintain the integrity of the information and witnesses, though it should be understood that the act of reporting may also add to the individua ls distress.It should be emphasise that everyone is responsible for due diligence in reporting and responding to harassment and violence in the workplace. Threat assessments should begin before an individual is hired through background, police force and reference checks. In some industries, the background and police checks should be done annually. Exit Interviews would help employers identify harassment related exits. Hiring a third political party to conduct the interviews would give an unbiased picture and recap of the interview. In addition, this education should not be a one-time occurrence. On-going information sessions, training and reminders should be done at regular intervals so that everyone knows what their rights and responsibilities are in a harassment-free workplace.ConclusionIn our report, we described why we chose this topic and why it is relevant. Workplace harassment and violence is everyones responsibility. We provided relevant theories and research. To address the escalating problem of workplace harassment and violence, the government has introduced legislation that requires employers to create policies and procedures to increase the sensation and social responsibility of harassment and violence in and out of the workplace. We described the effects workplace violence, harassment and domestic violence have on the employee and the organization. We also provided recommendations for the workplace to eliminate harassment and violence including growth a policy and providing training to existing and new employees. Employers and employees need to understand and be aware of their rights and responsibilities. Victims need to know where they can turn for help and support. Harassers need to know that there will be repercussions for their actions and workplace harassment and violence will not be tolerated.Violence and harassment have no place in the workplace.ReferencesBranswell, B. (1999). Ottawa capital shocked-massacre leaves five dead, Macleans. Retrieved from http//business.highbeam.com/4341/article-1G1-54384942/death-ottawa-capital-shocked-massacre-leaves-five-deadCanadian Human Rights Commission. (2006). Anti-harassment policies for the workplace an employers guide. Retrieved from http//www.chrcccdp.ca/publications/ anti_ harassment _toc-eng.aspx committee on Pediatric Workforce. (2006). Prevention of sexual harassment in the workplace and educational settings. Pediatrics 118 1752-1756. Retrieved from http//aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/ heart/full/pediatrics118/4/1752Hughes, Karen D. (2002). Something to deal with customer sexual harassment and womens retail function work in Canada. Gender, Work Organization. Volume 5, Issue 4 (pp. 207-219). Retrieved from http//onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-0432.00058/abstractJournal Staff. (2009). WCB hostage-taking ends peacefully, The Edmonton Journal. Retrieved from http//www.edmontonjournal.com/ word/ Police+respond complaint+Edmonton+office/2128080/story.htmlIAP A. (2009). Workplace violence, Resource Article. Retrieved from http//www.iapa.ca/main articles/2009_worplace_violence.aspxLabour government Ontario. (2010). Employment Standards Health and Safety. Retrieved from http//www.labour.gov.on.ca/ face/hs/pubs/wpvh/appendix_c.phpLabour Government Ontario. (2010). Employment Standards Health and Safety. Retrieved from http//www.labour.gov.on.ca/english/hs/pubs/wpvh/appendix_d.phpLabour Government Ontario. (2010). Guide. Retrieved from http//www.labour.gov.on.ca./ english/hs/pubs/wvps_guide/guide_3.phpLabour Government Ontario. (2010). Guide. Retrieved from http//www.labour.gov.on.ca./ english/hs/pubs/wvps_guide/guide_6.phpLabour Government Ontario. (2010). Key terms concepts. Retrieved from http//www.labour.gov.on.ca/english/hs/pubs/wvph/concepts.phpLabour Government Ontario. (2010). Workplace violence. Retrieved from http//www.labour.gov.on.ca./english/hs/pubs/wpvh/violence.phpMcCarthy, J. (2010). Harassment in the workplace. Solutions Newsletter, 35. Retrieved fromhttp//www.familycounsellingcentrebrant.com/files/4085936294896818.pdf. McShane, S.L., Steen, L.S. (2009). Workplace emotion, attitudes, and stress. Canadian Organizational Behaviour. Mcgraw- Hill Ryerson (pp.77 -96) Namie, Gary. (2003). Workplace bullying escalated incivility. Ivey Business Journal. November/December 2003. Retrieved from http//wpb-res.com/res/2003_Namie.pdfQueens University. (2010). Human rights legislation group workplace harassment. Retrievedfrom http//www.queensu.ca/humanrights/legislationgroup/highlights/dutytorespond.html SACHA (n.d.). Statistics. Sascha sexual assault centre. Retrieved from http//www.sacha.ca/home.php?sec=17sub=43 Schmidt, D. (2006). A killing at hotel-dieu. Windsor Star. Retrieved from http//www2.canada.com/windsorstar/features/dupont/news/story.html?id=0a88d4d2-18bb-4ef5-bab5-4073ef937d03p=2Statistics Canada (2007). Study evil victimization in the workplace. The Daily. Retrieved from http//www.statcan.gc.ca/ daily-quotidien/070216/dq070216a-eng.htm The Law Society of Upper Canada. (2009). Addressing harassment and discrimination guide to developing a policy for law firms or legal organizations. Retrieved from http//rc.lsuc.on.ca/pdf/equity/modelHarassmentPolicy.pdfThorup, P.J. Ceaser, R.L. (n.d.). Addressing workplace harassment in Canada. The Lawyers Weekly. Retrieved from http//canadian-lawyers.ca/Understand-Your-Legal-Issue/Labour-and-Employment/Addressing-Workplace-Harassment-in-Canada.html

Motivational Theories and Factors Essay Example for Free

Motivational Theories and Factors demonstrateStress and encroach in the workplace bunghole cause major emotional and physical modify to the facility and workers. In the past, there have been reports of tragedies caused by disgruntled workers who may have clocked in with a gun in hand. We argon going to look into three pauperizational theories including the relationship of stress and conflict in relation to individual motivations. Many factors send away motivate employees while at work. Some of the need factors could include the structure of the lives of the employees before they became employed. Personality is a big factor in employee executeance and motivation. soul that is an introvert may not have the same mind set as an extrovert. This will unquestionably dictate how that employee behaves and responds to directives at work. Turmoil has happened in recent years in workplace settings. Let us take a closer look at a tragic workplace incident. Omar Thornton was a xxxi v year old black delivery driver in Manchester Connecticut. On August 4, 2010, he subscribe his resignation papers in front of witnesses after he saw video footage of him stealing beer from his company. forrader leaving the room he reportedly pulled a gun and started randomly shooting workers he came across.In the end, he killed eight, leaving two wounded before he killed himself. Thorntons relatives and girlfriend said he had been harassed in a racial manner. This story is not the only one we have seen in the news. It proves that motivation can be a source of good behavior or negative. In Thorntons case he was motivated by what he thought to be racially aimed mistreatment from his white co workers. This caused him to become stressed and it reached a deadly point of conflict, a him against them scenario. In the real world, no employee should allow in their job stress to motivate them to take lives or destroy property.Stress can break down to unspoiled consequences, whether it b ecomes a health issue or affects performance in a negative way. If employees are in constant conflict over management issues, pay working conditions or other concerns, this can lead to low moral among the employee congregation. It wont matter if all employees are involved in the struggle, dissatisfaction can spread like sand into each individuals boundaries. It will be the main emergence around the water cooler each day. The job for management is to keep employees motivated in the secure direction for the good of the company and its productivity.Management can help decrease the incidents of job dissatisfaction by side by side(p) these steps. Positive reinforcement should always take in an employees job well done. When problems or disagreements arise the discipline should chequer the crime. All persons who live up to their expected performance should be treated in a beautiful respectful manner. Goals should always be well pronounced so that no employee will say they didnt know what was expected of them. Some jobs may need to be restructured to generate better productivity.All employees who perform in an acceptable capacity should be rewarded fro their compliance. Increased pay or a truck demoralize of benefits may not always be at the top of the list when it comes to employee motivation. People want to touch needed and appreciated on the job. They want to know that their work is worth something. So, to decrease the incidents of stress, unfairness which can lead to conflict and disgruntled or dissatisfied employees, companies need to place value on employees who are doing what they are asked.When conflicts arise, there should be a procedure in place to allow every juncture to be heard. When I am involved in stressful work situations, I bring it to the prudence of my department manager. I do not attack an individual, I attack the cause of the problem. I follow the companys guidelines for resolution, it has always worked for me. Since I started this clas s, I have learned that positive external motivation can also decrease or prevent stress in the workplace. So there should be a plan already in place to head off negative incidents.

American Ethnic Literature Essay Example for Free

American Ethnic literature EssayAmerican Literature has been an measurable part of American people for centuries. What makes this sheath of literature great is that the authors vision is objective and not one and only(a) sided. Several of the American authors are up to now considered to be great writers. The books that were written by these authors are still make by people of completely ages around the United States. These books are now considered classic literature. American literature is considered American because it was written by American people. Overall, editors appear to use an inconsistent combination of citizenship, geographic location,language, and subject matter (that is, the subject of America and the United States) (Hames- Garcia, p. 1, 2003). Most of the American literature was written by gabardine men. In order to be considered American literature it has to be near the United States. on that point have been many great authors that write about science fic tion, but because it is unreal their literature is not considered American literature. Politics to a fault played an important role in literature. It was of great importance to acquaint the American character as an exceptional entity (Hames-Garcia, p. 1, 2003).In the early twentieth century, writers who were not American white men were not allowed to publish their works. Women writers as well as Black, Latino, American Indian, and immigrant writers were left out altogether. This happened because other ethnic groups were considered to be inferior. It was until the 1970s that feminist began to speak out and rebel against the oppression they were faced with. It is convey to this reform that the American literature holds diversity. It allows for men and women to have the same opportunity to express their feelings without having to worry about their race or sex.Another type of literature is ethnic literature. This type of literature is often suppose as an autobiography, even when mak ing no such claims. This is written on a first somebody point of view. The authors point of view is specific to their personal beliefs and life stories. It is difficult for this type of author to provide an objectionable story. They are blinded by anger because of what they had to live. The topics these authors write about covers racial discrimination and suppression. The definitions and topics will vary depending on the life experiences that each author or their families experienced.The storyline will also vary because each author lived different time periods, and of course things change over time. Ethnic Literature is great because it now holds different point of views. Every person has a different perspective on what happens around them. What allows for this to be great is that each person is entitled not only to have their admit belief, but they are able to express their feelings with freedom. No person is afraid of what repercussion might contract because they decided to wri te from their heart. The truth allows readers to realize that life has been harder for some people more than others.It is easy to stymy what our ancestors had to experience in order for each individual to encounter freedom. It is now easy for men and women of all races to walk freely around their city. This however came at a price, and this type of literature allows human beings to read and experience in some small way what it was like to live in a solid ground were the color of your skin as well as your sex had a lot to do with the tint of life you lived. American Literature will continue to play an important role in American people. The only way to enjoy this type of literature is to introduce our younger generations to it.This is the perfect material infallible to give to young readers so that they can value the lifestyle they are allowed to live today. It is up to us to keep this tradition alive so that our future generation can enjoy it as well. credit rating Michael Hames -Garcia. (2003). Which America is ours? Martis Truth and the foundations of American literature. Modern Fiction Studies, 49(1), 19-53. Retrieved October 25, 2009, from inquiry Library. (Document ID 328665241). Yonjae Jung. (2004). The New Americanist Intervention into the Canon. American Studies International, 42(2/3), 213-225. Retrieved October 26, 2009, from Research Library. (Document ID 676208971).

The Cold War and U.S. Diplomacy Essay Example for Free

The shabby War and U.S. Diplomacy EssayThe Reagan dogma was the foreign policy in the United States, enacted by President Ronald Reagan. The article of faith was design to eondicate the communisticic governments in Africa, Asia, and Latin America that were authorized and corroborated by the Soviet colligation. This assignment will review by what method the United States delivered open and closed-door choke offing to guerrilla and resistance movements during the Regan years. Additionally, explain the political doctrine detailed events that occurred in Afghanistan when the Soviet Union invaded.As a final point, this assignment will gear up the benefits and drawbacks established on the Regan teaching. Summarize the Situation of U. S. Diplomatic of the Regan Doctrine During the course of the initial years of the frigorific War, Presidents Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, and Jimmy Carter all endorsed dogmas against communism in order to enclose it. Ronald Regan prohibited the ir detente policy in 1979, when the Soviet Union attacked Afghanistan. This alone demonstrated that policies that but contain communism were unproductive. Regan criticized in the compromise policy when it emanated to any communist government.As an alternative, Reagan proposed the Rollback policy. The creation of the Reagan Doctrine moved from containment and dispersal to eradicating all current communist governments. Likewise, the United States wanted to rise and encourage democracy and capitalism in additional of overthrew communist administrations (Conservapedia, 2012). executing of the Regan Doctrine was to deliver explicit and concealed support to guerrilla and resistance movements in nations were the Soviet Union wanted to feast their communists plan or where eradicate an existing regime (Conservapedia, 2012).The doctrine was in be intimate operation when The Soviet Union deprived of aggravation and with overpowering force attacked Afghanistan in 1979. This roll back of So viet control met little resistance from the international community excluding Central America. Internally, Democrats in Congress hash out that the Regan Doctrine would ultimately lead to a nuclear war in return they attempted to adherence and fork the enactment of the doctrine (Conservapedia, 2012). Historian Barbara Tuchman differed with Regan confrontation doctrine and desired the United States to follow the fabric goose strategy.This decision was to offer the Soviet Union with consumer goods and all the grain they needed. Nonetheless, in spite of Regans need of foreign policy qualifications his detection to stop the Evil imperium would not deter him. Nevertheless, several large number thought he was a precarious warmonger (Souza, 1997). Explicate the Regan Doctrine and Specific Actions and Events With the war in Afghanistan into a year, most of the international community believed that the Soviet Union was invincible and to stop them would lead into a nuclear war.In an art icle written in the Third World Quarterly, by Andrew Hartman titled, The Red template US Policy in Soviet-Occupied Afghanistan. The broad framework of US foreign policy in the era of the Cold War, as well as other eras, the U. S. must adhere to the bottom line. This means, protecting a constructive investment environment for private business benefits (Hartman, 2002). In 1981, former Pakistani Dictator and oecumenical Mohammed Zia al-Haq, understood US Policy bottom line.In a meeting with William Casey, the Director of the Central intelligence service Agency (CIA), the dictator offered Casey with a map of the Near East demonstrating how the Soviet Union occupation is abject towards Iran, the Iranian Gulf, and the Arabian Sea. General Mohammed proposed that if the US does not interfere, the Soviets would produce great economic disturbance in the region (Hartman). Of course, the CIA recognized that this was not only possible but a fact. The Regan Doctrine not only stops the spread of communism but to eradicate the Evil Empire is the core essence of U.S. policy.The attendant action was that the CIA introduced a concealed war against the Soviet Union. Just as during the Cold War, the Soviets campaign to lead up and increase was met with the reaction of U. S involvement. This state was no different. Describe the effects of these diplomatic efforts for the U. S. and other countries. As stated previously, The US foreign policy is driven by the bottom line. Communism is a brat to a capitalist country, consequently the Reagan Doctrine is only reinforced.US policy makers understood that if the Soviets were permitted to expand towards Iran, the Persian Gulf, and the Arabian Sea capitalism and democratic civilizations would be in grave endangerment. The oil rich firmament in those areas could not be governor by any communist regime. The chief economic want for hegemony in Afghanistan, Iran, the Persian Gulf, and the Arabian Sea is make sure that the U. S. provide military logistics and support to anti-Soviet armies and or guerrilla and resistance movements. The U. S. iplomatic efforts are to also keep these oil rich countries as a private interest and not under the control of a communism. The fact of U. S. reliance on foreign oil, is causality enough for involvement. An economic failure ripple effect in the Western Hemisphere would have disoblige all democratic governments on both sides of the Atlantic ocean as well (Evelyn, 2011). The Advantages and Disadvantages of the Regan Doctrine The Regan Doctrine allowed the advantage of the U. S. to retain revenge for Vietnam and the invasion of the Soviet Union in Afghanistan provided that opportunity which could not be ignored (DSouza, 1997).The Pulitzer-Winning Historian Barbara Tuchman, stated that if Reagan had taken the Stuff Goose approach when it was offered in 1982, the Evil Empire would most likely still exist (DSouza). The drawbacks of the Regan Doctrine were not in absence in particula r. The Iran Contra is by luck the best-known scandal connected with the policies of the Reagan Doctrine. Agreeing to the television program American Experience, broadcast on the Public send Station (PBS), the online article and video titled, Regan stated, In 1985, while Iran and Iraq were at war, Iran made a secret demand to buy weapons from the United States. The detail that an embargo was established against selling weapons to Iran, and the U. S. broke their own policy to turn over their international relations with Lebanon and gain more power in the Middle East was a wedge on Reagan Doctrine. Operating a covert mission to a communist regime was intolerable. Conclusion The Cold War agreeing to former United States, Sectary of State Henry Kissinger defines as, the most stunning diplomatic performance of the modern era. Margaret Thatcher states, Ronald Reagan won the Cold War without firing a shot.The Afghanistan war by delegations was simply another reaction to the Soviets several efforts to expand their socialism. Before Regan, the U. S. policy was only to contain, but as with any untreated disease, the contagion would eventually spread. In the 1985 State of the Union, President Ronald Reagan stated We must not break faith with those who are risking their liveson every continent from Afghanistan to Nicaraguato defy Soviet aggression and secure rights which have been ours from birth. live for freedom fighters is self-defense (Regan, 1985).

Patient Risk Essay Example for Free

Patient Risk analyzeThis example of a reflective essay is presented in association with Price, B and Harrington, A (2013) Critical sentiment and Writing for Nursing Students, London, Learning Matters. Readers are introduced to the process of critical and reflective thinking and the translation of these into coursework that testament suspensor them to achieve better grades in nursing courses. Stewart, Raymet, Fatima and Gina are four students who share their learning jaunt through step up the chapters of the book. In this essay on the assessment of agony, Raymet demonstrates her reflective writing skills near the end of her course. Raymet had by this stage written some(prenominal)(prenominal) reflective practice essays and gained good marks. This time though she was encouraged to convert her reflections, speculating selectively on how the account of ail experient by a patient (Mrs move) might armed service her to work more creatively with patient perceptions and rep orted involves.N.B. Remember, copying essays much(prenominal) as this, submitting them as a whole or in divide for assessment purposes, without attri onlying the source of the material, may leave you open to the concern of plagiarism. Significant sanctions may follow for suck ins who do this, including referral to the Nursing and Midwifery Council.Assessing Mrs moves PainMc Caffery and Pasero (1999) state that vexation is what the patient says it is. If we accept that stimulate, then books need to explore the patients perceptions of inconvenience one self, as well as their report of delivers. The two are not quite the same. Patients may report their pain in a variety of focusings, dependent on the nature and the intensity of pain and the context in which it is felt (e.g. whether they are ever distracted from the pain). Their perception of pain is a little more though and it includes the hatching that the pain has for them. It includes explanation of why the pain is o n that point in the first place, what it indicates approximately their form and what it couldsuggest might happen in the future (getting better, getting worse). The nurse assesses the account of pain shared by the patient, and this may be given in the form of a fabrication. This is how it began, this is how it felt, this is what that meant to me and this is what I did about it (Mishler et al. 2006)In this essay I explore the assessment of pain as conducted with whiz 60 year senile patient whom I will call Mrs displace. Whilst the essay describes an assessment of pain with a single patient, I examine to share too several(prenominal) ideas and unbeliefs that this provokes within me about pain assessment more generally. Mrs force made me think about other(a) patients, future assessments and what I had to do as a nurse to help patients. To help structure this essay I use the framework set forth by Gibbs (1988). Whilst the instalment concerned relates a stage in Mrs Drews i llness when she challenged her treatment protocol, it also includes some of the memories and thoughts that this patient refers to regarding her earlier illness and past ways of coping with pain. In particular, it prompted me to question to what extent I as a nurse should suggest analgesia, drawing on what I had been taught about the effective guarantee of pain. I had learned that it was better to control or else than to chase pain ( e.g. Mann and Carr, 2006 Forbes, 2007).Mrs Drew was diagnosed with lung crab louse a year earlier and had initially had her illness treated by chemotherapy. This had helped her to achieve a remission that lowested for close to ten months (Hunt et al, 2009 describe the prognosis of this disease). The cancer had returned though and spread to her spine and it was here that she experienced more or less(prenominal) of her pain.It was at this stage that the doctors explained that her care would now be directed towards her comfort rather than a be cured _or_ healedto which she had replied, you mean moderating care. Mrs Drew was supported at home by her husband Neil and visited on a regular basis by union based nurses to whom I was attached as part of my student nurse learning. She was prescribed oral morphine and could decide within stated limits how galore(postnominal) tablets she could compress in any one 24 hour period.The situationI had visited Mrs Drew on several occasions over the period of a month when the knownity nurse and I were confronted by a tearful patient who announced that she did not wish to take the oral opiates quite as oftentimes as we were pressing. As she spoke she held her husbands hand tightly, looking across to him as she described her experiences and opinionings about the matter. Yes, there had been some bad nights when the pain had woken her and she had to sit up and watch television to establish and distract herself. Yes, sometimes the pain made her feel nauseous, but she was alarmed at how f requently she was winning the pain tablets and how this made her feel about herself.However well meant the medication was, it didnt feel reward to be so reliant on medicines, or quite so balancey and unresponsive for such(prenominal) a high percentage of the day. Whilst the analgesia was working well when she took the tablets, the quality of life wasnt what she wanted. The company nurse listened patiently to Mrs Drew and then explained that it was normal to gain panic moments about such medication. Morphine had a reputation, one that people associated with misuse of drugs, rather than their therapeutic use. Used on a regular basis, the drug wouldnt cause addiction and it would provide a great deal of reassurance to Mr Drew as well. The community nurse stated that she was quite sure that he respected his wifes need to sleep when she wished and to build the rhythm of the day around her needs.At this point Mrs Drew shook her husbands hand, and verbalize, tell hertell her what we ve talked about Mr Drew then explained that his wife was used to dealing with pain, she had suffered recurrent pain in her neck and shoulder after a road traffic accident some long time originally. The pain had sometimes been severe, but he had massaged her shoulders and used cacoethes packs that she found soothing. They had decided that they wished to use this technique now, keeping the morphine for absolute emergencies, when she was losing sleep and couldnt eat as a result of the discomfort. The community nurse assured them that they were in charge of the analgesia and would be allowed to make their suffer decisions. She started to make notes though, and announced that she was reservation a referral to the cancer pain clinic, something that would help them to take stock of the situation.There was very good close to suppose that this might be a problem associated with choosing the right dosage of themorphine, rather than using accessory pain relief measures. Mrs Drew respon ded sharply, Youre not listening to me though Jane (the community nurses namea pseudonym is used here), I want to use heat packs instead of morphine, at least during the day. I want to be more alive with my husband. The community nurse assured Mrs Drew that she had breakd what she had said and respected her point of view. There would though be nothing lost by using the clinic to gain a further check on this matter. With that she excused us, explaining that we had a further grant that morning and we left, having checked that Mrs Drew had a sufficient supply of her disparate medicines.As we walked to the car the community nurse empathised with Mrs Drews plight, saying that if she had lung cancer she would probably grasp at straws too. She would reach out for things that seemed more normal, and then observed, but this isnt normal is it, the pain she has isnt normal. Its not good a whip lash injury and old age.FeelingsI remember that during this instalment feeling a mixture of conf usion, surprise, anger and impotence. Mrs Drew had surprised me by the way she had spoken, using what seemed to be a be after announcement. They had waited for and maybe rehearsed this moment. Nothing in my experience to date had prepared me for such an encounter, at least in such circumstances, where we as nurses were so obviously working to support the patient. It was only later that I called the episode a confrontation. Mr and Mrs Drew had confronted the community nurse and I had been the largely silent witness to the event. As the preaching proceeded I remember making supportive noises, remarking how useful heat packs sometimes were and glancing across at Jane, who seemed to be signalling with her expression that I should leave this debate to her. I was trying to read her reactions to the Drews points and conclude that if I couldnt support her arguments to the patient, then I should remain silent. There were issues here that I peradventure hadnt enough experience to deal wi th, at least, whilst thinking on my feet.My initial anger (with Mrs Drew for not ac hunchledging all that we were trying to do) quickly became displaced towards my colleague Jane. During the event I couldnt explain why that was, but afterwards, when I made notes, I realised that it was because she seemed to have set the agenda in her own mind and to be requiring the patient to comply with concerns of her own. Put rather crudely, Jane seemed to be saying, listen I know about these things, this is a microscope stage, an anxiety you can work through all this. I believed at this point that she had missed the significance of the event, the way in which the Drews had arranged the conversation. For them, this was not a phase at all, but a considered and very important decision, one that they wanted the nurses to accept (Freshwater, 2002 and Edwards and Elwyn, 2009 emphasize the importance of negotiated care planning).My feelings of impotence were associated strongly with my lack of clini cal experience. I have met this before. No matter how umteen placements I do, no matter how good the mentoring I receive, I keep meeting situations where I am unsure about how to respond next. I feel younger, less knowledgeable than I should be at this stage in my training. I want to reassure patients, to support colleagues and to give good advice, but there is not enough confidence to do that. If I felt unsettled and uncertain about Janes response to the Drews, right then I couldnt easily explain that. I couldnt offer a second opinion, couldnt suggest an idea that might help support the patient. To my soreness I couldnt manage that either as we left the house. Jane had made some fair points, she clearly seemed concerned about the patients needs, but perhaps she hadnt spotted the right needfor Mrs Drew to determine in greater part how she dealt with her illness.Experience evaluatedAfterwards, this short episode prompted doubts and debates about several important aspects of nursing for me. Setting aside the etiquette of learning in clinical practice, not challenging a qualified nurse in front of apatient, there were problems here associated with supporting patient dignity, with my assumptions relating to analgesia and pain control strategies, and I realised, with my assumptions about types of pain and who had the expertise to define these. Dignity is more than simply using the appropriate terms of address, protecting the privacy of patients and attending to their expressed concerns (Price, 2004). It is about clarifying the ways in which they live and accommodate illness or treatment. It is about finding out what benchmarks they use to say that yes, I am doing well here, this makes me feel good about myself.Upon reflection, I sense that we on this occasion had not worked hard enough to discover how Mr and Mrs Drew define quality of life, or being in charge of their situation. We were more concerned with providing resources, sharing research or theory about med ication and questioning the familiar misconceptions associated with morphine. To put it simply, we were missing a trick, reading the encounter as something that had happened many times beforethe report of problems or anxieties, a request for help, rather than a decision that the patient and her carer had already bring to. Reading situations well seemed, with the benefit of hindsight, to be the first basis for dignified care. What is happening here, what will help the patient most? were questions that we perhaps assumed that we already knew the answer to.I realised that in my training I had already accepted the argument that patients would wish to remain pain free come what may and that the tackling of fears about prospective pain, was something that nurses engaged in. I assumed that because cancer pain represented such a major threat, because it was greater and more all encompassing, that there was little or no doubt that it should be removed. What was so unsettling, and took so mu ch time to examine, was that Mrs Drew acknowledged the possible severity of metastatic cancer pain, but that she still preferred to respond to it using measures that had worked for her whiplash neck injury. Mrs Drew was willing to wad off a pain free state for something that gave her a greater sense of control and which perhaps enabled her husband to express his support for her in a very tangible way (preparing heat packs, massaging her back, rather than simply giving her the tablets). Mr and Mrs Drew questioned all my assumptions about best analgesia practice, and seemed to write a largequestion mark on the textbooks I had read about chasing rather than controlling pain in palliative care situations (Mann and Carr, 2006).Reflections (learning opportunities)The episode with Mrs Drew left me uncomfortable because my past approach to pain management was theoretical. I (and I believe Jane too) regularly made use of science to decide what could be done as regards pain relief and to ass ume that patients would wish to achieve all of those benefits. This wasnt about local applications of heat versus morphine, Mrs Drew could use both, it was about choice and how patients made choiceswhy they reached the decisions that they did. It was for me, about accepting very personally, that providing that patients are given all the relevant facts, alerted to the options, that they really are able to make choices that work for them. The very fact that Mrs Drews illness was now incurable, that she and her husband usually tackled pain together, meant that her solution to the challenge was different to those that many other patients arrived at. Having dealt with this pain for some time, knowing that it could and probably would get worse, meant that she was better equipped than other less experienced patients to make a decision here. This took nothing away from the benefits of sharing further discussion with pain clinic experts.I thought, Mrs Drew will stand her ground, she will in sist on doing things her way if her husband is strong too. What it did shine up though was the importance of listening to patients, hearing how they perceive pain, how they narrate not only the pain but what they did about it. In this instance the narration was all about dignity, and coping, and finding ways to help one another and how this enables us to feel in the face of such a terrible illness. So, in congress us about her pain, what she did about it, using morphine when it was absolutely required, Mrs Drew was not reporting her ignorance of what could be achieved if the medication was used differently, but what she preferred to do as it enabled her to achieve different goals. Mrs Drews goals were about liveliness, alertness and stoicism, showing that she could bear at least a measure of pain.I wondered why I hadnt listened carefully enough to such a story? Was it because of time pressure, or perhaps complacency, that Jane and I felt that we already knew what account would be shared? Did we think that the patient would remove for help, more help, as the pain continued? If so, then our guesses had prompted us to behave as experts, and problem solvers, on the patients behalf. Perhaps hearing a patient narrative is about discovering what sort of usance they would like you to fulfil. If so, then it might be a difficult role. I thought hard about how hard this was for Jane. She was going to be asked to witness Mrs Drews future pain, one that was now less perfectly controlled. She was going to be asked to reassure, to suggest measures that might help, without reminding the patient that she already knew that you couldnt manage pain that way When I think about it now, that is very stressful for a nurse. It is about caring and allowing patients to make choices that we personally might not make.ConclusionsI have drawn then leash conclusions from the above reflection. First, that being patient centred is never easy and requires real listening and interpretation skills. My criticism of what Jane chose to do, to try and dissuade Mrs Drew from a course of action, recommending further appraisal of the situation, is an easy one to make. Nurses confront situations such as this relatively unprepared and react as considerately as possible. It is easy in hindsight to recommend other responses, a further exploration of what motivated Mrs Drews pain management preferences.Second, that experience can be a valuable teacher, the equal of textbooks. If nurses are interested in care, then we should be concerned with the sense that patients make of their own illness, the treatment or support that they receive. We need to understand what patients have to teach us and have to acknowledge that this means that we wont always seem in control ourselves, expert and knowledgeable. Our expertise might be elsewhere, helping patients to reach their own decisions.Third, that one way to understand patient perspectives on illness or treatment, on pain management in this example, is to hear how they talkabout the situation. How do they describe the pain, how do they refer to what they did about it? The way in which the story is shared, how we coped, how this made us feel, is as important as the facts related. Sometimes a patient needs to feel stalwart, even heroic in the face of illness.Future careIt would be foolish and unprofessional to recommend to other patients that they might not wish to remove pain, or that overcoming pain doesnt always mean we dont continue to experience it. For every Mrs Drew there may be many other patients who would welcome the complete removal of pain, so that they can die calmly, quietly, with their own version of dignity. simply it does seem to me, that it will be worth thinking about the diversity of patients and how they prefer to cope when I assess pain and help manage this problem in the future. I wont be able to walk away from the responsibility of debating whether I have explained all that I could, detailed the strengths and limitations of different ways of coping. I will need to find reflection time to ponder what patients have said and if necessary to go back and say, Ive been thinking some more about your words last week.. knowing that this doesnt make me any the less professional.ReferencesEdwards, A and Elwyn, G (2009) Shared decision-making in health care achieving evidencebased patient choice, 2nd ed. Oxford, Oxford University Press Forbes, K (2007) Opiods in cancer pain, Oxford, Oxford University Press Freshwater, D (2002) remedy nursing improving patient care through self awareness, London, Sage.Gibbs G (1988) Learning by doing a guide to teaching and learning methods, Oxford, Oxford Polytechnic Further Education unitHunt, I., Muers, M and Treasure, T (2009) alphabet of lung cancer, Oxford, Wiley-Blackwell/BMJ BooksMann, E and Carr, E (2006) Pain management, Oxford, Blackwell McCaffery, M and Pasero, C (1999) Pain Clinical manual, Mosby, Philadelphia Mishler, E., Rapport, F an d Wainwright, P (2006) The self in health and illness patients, professionals and narrative identity, Oxford, Radcliffe PublishingLtd Price, B (2004) Demonstrating respect for patient dignity, Nursing Standard, 19(12), 45-51